Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wōpijaną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂b- (“to call, shout, complain”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *vabiti (“to lure”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈwɔː.pi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*wōpijaną
Inflection
The evolution of this verb's conjugation is unusual and controversial. Unlike usual expectations, it is weak in Gothic and strong class 7 with a reduplicated preterite in Old English. Orel and Ringe disagree on how this situation arose.
- Orel believes that there were two separate, but related homophonous verbs in Proto-Germanic, with the weak verb being the *-janą derivative of the strong one.[1]
- Ringe believes that independently, Old Norse and Gothic made the strong verb weak due to analogy.[2]
- Kroonen makes no comment about this verb's paradigm, and in fact the verb is not mentioned at all in his Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic.
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *wōpijō | *wōpijaų | — | *wōpijai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *wōpīsi | *wōpijais | *wōpī | *wōpijasai | *wōpijaisau | |
| 3rd singular | *wōpīþi | *wōpijai | *wōpijaþau | *wōpijaþai | *wōpijaiþau | |
| 1st dual | *wōpijōs | *wōpijaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *wōpijaþiz | *wōpijaiþiz | *wōpijaþiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *wōpijamaz | *wōpijaim | — | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau | |
| 2nd plural | *wōpīþ | *wōpijaiþ | *wōpīþ | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau | |
| 3rd plural | *wōpijanþi | *wōpijain | *wōpijanþau | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *wewōp | *wewōpį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *wewōft | *wewōpīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *wewōp | *wewōpī | ||||
| 1st dual | *wewōpū | *wewōpīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *wewōpudiz | *wewōpīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *wewōpum | *wewōpīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *wewōpud | *wewōpīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *wewōpun | *wewōpīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *wōpijandz | *wōpanaz | ||||
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *wōpijō | *wōpijaų | — | *wōpijai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *wōpīsi | *wōpijais | *wōpī | *wōpijasai | *wōpijaisau | |
| 3rd singular | *wōpīþi | *wōpijai | *wōpijaþau | *wōpijaþai | *wōpijaiþau | |
| 1st dual | *wōpijōs | *wōpijaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *wōpijaþiz | *wōpijaiþiz | *wōpijaþiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *wōpijamaz | *wōpijaim | — | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau | |
| 2nd plural | *wōpīþ | *wōpijaiþ | *wōpīþ | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau | |
| 3rd plural | *wōpijanþi | *wōpijain | *wōpijanþau | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *wōpidǭ | *wōpidēdį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *wōpidēz | *wōpidēdīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *wōpidē | *wōpidēdī | ||||
| 1st dual | *wōpidēdū | *wōpidēdīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *wōpidēdudiz | *wōpidēdīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *wōpidēdum | *wōpidēdīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *wōpidēdud | *wōpidēdīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *wōpidēdun | *wōpidēdīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *wōpijandz | *wōpidaz | ||||
Related terms
Descendants
References
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wōpjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 470
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 250: “wōp-, wewōp-” "It is true that this verb is strong only in [West Germanic] (where it often means ‘weep’); both Goth[ic] wopjan ‘call’ and [Old Norse] œpa ‘cry out’ are class I weak verbs. However, since transfer of a j-present into the first weak class is surely an easily repeatable change, it seems reasonable to reconstruct this as a strong verb for [Proto-Germanic]."