Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱókʷr̥
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *ḱekʷ- (“to defecate”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix); the root is also the source of Lithuanian šikti (“to defecate”), Latvian šekšet (“to soil”).[1][2][3]
Noun
Inflection
Older acrostatic pattern:
| Athematic, acrostatic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | collective | |||
| nominative | *ḱókʷr̥ | *ḱékʷōr | ||
| genitive | *ḱékʷn̥s | *ḱ(e)kʷnés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | collective | |
| nominative | *ḱókʷr̥ | *ḱókʷrih₁ | *ḱókʷr̥h₂ | *ḱékʷōr |
| vocative | *ḱókʷr̥ | *ḱókʷrih₁ | *ḱókʷr̥h₂ | *ḱékʷōr |
| accusative | *ḱókʷr̥ | *ḱókʷrih₁ | *ḱókʷr̥h₂ | *ḱékʷōr |
| genitive | *ḱékʷn̥s | *? | *ḱékʷnoHom | *ḱ(e)kʷnés |
| ablative | *ḱékʷn̥s | *? | *ḱékʷn̥mos, *ḱékʷn̥bʰos | *ḱ(e)kʷnés |
| dative | *ḱékʷney | *? | *ḱékʷn̥mos, *ḱékʷn̥bʰos | *ḱ(e)kʷnéy |
| locative | *ḱékʷn̥, *ḱékʷni | *? | *ḱékʷn̥su | *ḱ(e)kʷén, *ḱ(e)kʷéni |
| instrumental | *ḱékʷn̥h₁ | *? | *ḱékʷn̥mis, *ḱékʷn̥bʰis | *ḱ(e)kʷnéh₁ |
Later proterokinetic pattern:
| Athematic, proterokinetic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | collective | |||
| nominative | *ḱékʷr̥ | *ḱékʷōr | ||
| genitive | *ḱ(e)kʷéns | *ḱ(e)kʷnés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | collective | |
| nominative | *ḱékʷr̥ | *ḱékʷrih₁ | *ḱékʷr̥h₂ | *ḱékʷōr |
| vocative | *ḱékʷr̥ | *ḱékʷrih₁ | *ḱékʷr̥h₂ | *ḱékʷōr |
| accusative | *ḱékʷr̥ | *ḱékʷrih₁ | *ḱékʷr̥h₂ | *ḱékʷōr |
| genitive | *ḱ(e)kʷéns | *? | *ḱ(e)kʷénoHom | *ḱ(e)kʷnés |
| ablative | *ḱ(e)kʷéns | *? | *ḱ(e)kʷénmos, *ḱ(e)kʷénbʰos | *ḱ(e)kʷnés |
| dative | *ḱ(e)kʷéney | *? | *ḱ(e)kʷénmos, *ḱ(e)kʷénbʰos | *ḱ(e)kʷnéy |
| locative | *ḱ(e)kʷén, *ḱ(e)kʷéni | *? | *ḱ(e)kʷénsu | *ḱ(e)kʷén, *ḱ(e)kʷéni |
| instrumental | *ḱ(e)kʷénh₁ | *? | *ḱ(e)kʷénmis, *ḱ(e)kʷénbʰis | *ḱ(e)kʷnéh₁ |
Derived terms
- *ḱókʷr-o-s (thematicization)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: κόπρος (kópros, “excrement, faeces”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
Descendants
- >? Proto-Celtic: *kekʷorā (“swamp, mud, quagmire”)[6]
- Middle Irish: cechor
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćák-r̥ ~ *ćak-ná-s (“dung”) (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “šikti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 448
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κόπρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 758
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “śákar-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 602
- ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 189
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “śákar- (śákn-)”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kekʷorā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 198