Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱḗr

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Reconstruction

    The nominative singular form is underlyingly */ḱérd/, yielding the surface form *ḱḗr which is itself evident in Ancient Greek κῆρ (kêr) and Hittite 𒆠𒅕 (ker). This reconstruction is the only instance in PIE where a loss of */d/ after */r/ with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel occurred. It is not clear whether this is an isolated example, or a part of a broader process such as Szemerényi's law.

    Noun

    *ḱḗr n (oblique stem *ḱr̥d-)[1]

    1. heart

    Inflection

    Athematic, amphikinetic
    singular
    nominative *ḱḗr
    genitive *ḱr̥dés
    singular dual plural
    nominative *ḱḗr *ḱérdih₁ *ḱérdh₂
    vocative *ḱḗr *ḱérdih₁ *ḱérdh₂
    accusative *ḱḗr *ḱérdih₁ *ḱérdh₂
    genitive *ḱr̥dés *? *ḱr̥dóHom
    ablative *ḱr̥dés *? *ḱr̥dmós, *ḱr̥dbʰós
    dative *ḱr̥déy *? *ḱr̥dmós, *ḱr̥dbʰós
    locative *ḱḗr, *ḱérdi *? *ḱr̥dsú
    instrumental *ḱr̥déh₁ *? *ḱr̥dmís, *ḱr̥dbʰís

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • Proto-Albanian:
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒆠𒅕 (ker)
      • Luwian:
        Cuneiform script: 𒍝𒀀𒅈𒍝 (/⁠UZUzārza⁠/)
        Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔖪𔖱𔖪 (za-ra/i-za)
      • Lycian: 𐊋𐊕𐊆𐊅𐊁 (kride)
      • Palaic: 𒅗𒀀𒅈𒋾 (ka-a-ar-ti /⁠kārt-⁠/)
    • Proto-Armenian: *ḱḗrdi-
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śḗr (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *kridyom (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *hertô (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kərdíyā, *kḗr?
    • Proto-Italic: *kord (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰā́rd, ⇒ *ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam (unexplained voiced aspiration) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *käryā-

    References

    1. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 417-423
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