Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰo

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Adverb

*bʰo ~ *bʰe[1][2][3]

  1. emphatic particle: surely, indeed

Derived terms

  • *bʰé-h₁[1][4] (with instrumental suffix *-h₁) or *bʰē[3][4][5]
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: φή (phḗ)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaH
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Avestan: 𐬠𐬁 (bā)
    • ⇒ *bʰé(h₁) íd
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬋𐬌𐬝 (bōit̰)
  • *bʰo-h₁[1] (with instrumental suffix *-h₁) or *bʰō[3]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *ba (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic:
  • *-bʰe-r[1] (with locative suffix *-r)
    • Proto-Italic:
      • Old Latin: -ber (in ollaber and possibly berber)
  • *né bʰo(h₁)/e[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: nèbe (“not anymore”)
      • Proto-Slavic:
        • Old Church Slavonic: небо (nebo, “for, namely”) (with semantic reversal)
    • Proto-Germanic:

Descendants

  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ba
    • Lithuanian: bà
    • Proto-Slavic: *bo (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *be (< *bʰe)
    • Lithuanian: bè (“and; if”)
    • Old Prussian: bhe, bha (“and”)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “2.*bʰo 'wahrlich, fürwahr; gerade, eben'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 120-123
  2. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “*ba”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 75
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 259
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1565: “PIE *bʰeh₂ [n.pl.], *bʰeh₁ [ins.sg.] or *bʰē”
  5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2009) "Syntax and etymology of Avestan bā and bōit", in: Eric Pirart et al. (eds.), Zarathushtra entre l'Inde et l'Iran. Etudes indo-iraniennes et indo-europeennes offertes à Jean Kellens à l'occasion de son 65e anniversaire. Wiesbaden, page 53 of 43-55

Further reading

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