Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰérmn̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *gʷʰer- (“to be warm”) +‎ *-mn̥.[1]

Noun

*gʷʰérmn̥ n[2][3][4]

  1. warmth, heat

Inflection

Athematic, proterokinetic
singular collective
nominative *gʷʰérmn̥ *gʷʰérmō
genitive *gʷʰr̥méns *gʷʰrm̥nés
singular dual plural collective
nominative *gʷʰérmn̥ *gʷʰérm̥nih₁ — *gʷʰérmō
vocative *gʷʰérmn̥ *gʷʰérm̥nih₁ — *gʷʰérmō
accusative *gʷʰérmn̥ *gʷʰérm̥nih₁ — *gʷʰérmō
genitive *gʷʰr̥méns *? — *gʷʰrm̥nés
ablative *gʷʰr̥méns *? — *gʷʰrm̥nés
dative *gʷʰr̥méney *? — *gʷʰrm̥néy
locative *gʷʰr̥mén, *gʷʰr̥méni *? — *gʷʰr̥mén, *gʷʰr̥méni
instrumental *gʷʰr̥ménh₁ *? — *gʷʰrm̥néh₁

Reconstruction notes

Nasal cluster dissimilation due to the Asno Law: R₁R₂ > { R₁; R₂ } / σ[_{ V́; V }.

Derived terms

  • *gʷʰér(m)n-os (“warmth, heat”) (or secondary e-grade substantive of *gʷʰr̥-nó-s (“warm”))
    • Proto-Albanian: *džerna
      • Albanian: zjarr sg, zjarrë pl (“fire”)
  • *gʷʰerm(n)-ó-s (“warmth, heat”)[5][6][7]
    • Proto-Albanian: *džerma[6]
      • Albanian: zjarm sg, zjarme pl (“fire”)
  • *gʷʰerm(n)-ó-s (“warm”)[1][2][8][9][10][3]
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm, “warm”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰermós
      • Ancient Greek: θερμός (thermós, “warm”) (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: θέρμη (thérmē, “heat”)
    • ⇒? Phrygian: Γέρμη (Gérmē)[10][2]
  • *gʷʰérmn̥-to-
    • >? Proto-Italic: *fermentom
      • Latin: fermentum (“fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor”) (or from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”)) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *gʷʰérmn̥t-ih₂[2] ~ *gʷʰr̥mn̥t-yéh₂-s
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérməťťa
        • Ancient Greek: θέρμασσα (thérmassa, “oven”)
  • *gʷʰorm(n)-ó-s (“warmth, heat”)[10][5]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garmas (“heat”)
      • Latvian: gar̂me
      • Old Prussian: gorme
        • ⇒ Old Prussian: gormapada
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰarmás (“heat, warmth”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʷʰorm(n)-ó-s (“warm”)[1][2][9][3]
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *warmaz (“warm”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *formos (“warm”)
      • Latin: formus (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʷʰór(m)n-o-s (“warmth, heat”)[11] (or secondary o-grade substantive of *gʷʰr̥-nó-s (“warm”))
    • Proto-Celtic: *gʷornos[12]
      • Old Irish: gorn (“fire”)
    • Proto-Italic: *ɣʷornos[11]
      • Latin: furnus (“oven”), fornus (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ջերմն (ǰermn, “heat; fever”) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-West Germanic: *bermō (“yeast, barm”) (or from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”)) (see there for further descendants)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “gu̯her-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 493: “Adjektiv gu̯hermo- und gu̯hormo- ,warm'; *gu̯her-mn-os”
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Nussbaum, Alan J. (1997) “The ‘Saussure Effect’ in Latin and Italic”, in Lubotsky, Alexander, editor, Sound Law and Analogy: Papers in honor of Robert S.P. Beekes on the occasion of his 60th birthday (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 9), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 194 of 181–203: “*gʷʰermn̥ ‘heat’ (cf. Gk. θέρμασσα ‘oven’ < *-mn̥t-i̯ā̆-) → *gʷʰorm(n)-o- (L. formus) / *gʷʰerm(n)-o- (Gk. θερμός) ‘hot’”
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kocharov, Petr (2019) Old Armenian nasal verbs : archaisms and innovations‎[1], Doctoral Thesis, Leiden University
  4. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*gu̯ʰer- 'warm werden'”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page *gu̯ʰér-men-
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Byrd, Andrew Miles (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2060: “*/gʷʰe/ormnós/ → *gʷʰe/ormós ‘warmth’”
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) “zjarm”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎[2] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 429
  7. ^ Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 22: “alban. zjarm 'Feuer, Hitze' < idg. *gu̯ʰerm-ó-”
  8. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*gʷhermós”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 263
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “formus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θερμός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 541-542: “IE *gʷʰer-mo- ‘warm’; IE *gʷʰor-mo-”
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fornus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235
  12. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gʷer-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 146: “*gʷorno-”
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