Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷih₃wós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”) +‎ *-wós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*gʷih₃wós (non-ablauting)^[1]

alive, living

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*gʷih₃wós	*gʷih₃wéh₂
genitive	*gʷih₃wósyo	*gʷih₃wéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷih₃wós	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*gʷih₃wóes
vocative	*gʷih₃wé	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*gʷih₃wóes
accusative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*gʷih₃wóms
genitive	*gʷih₃wósyo	*?	*gʷih₃wóHom
ablative	*gʷih₃wéad	*?	gʷih₃wómos, gʷih₃wóbʰos
dative	*gʷih₃wóey	*?	gʷih₃wómos, gʷih₃wóbʰos
locative	gʷih₃wéy, gʷih₃wóy	*?	*gʷih₃wóysu
instrumental	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*?	*gʷih₃wṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷih₃wéh₂	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁(e)	*gʷih₃wéh₂es
vocative	*gʷih₃wéh₂	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁(e)	*gʷih₃wéh₂es
accusative	*gʷih₃wā́m	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁(e)	*gʷih₃wéh₂m̥s
genitive	*gʷih₃wéh₂s	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂oHom
ablative	*gʷih₃wéh₂s	*?	gʷih₃wéh₂mos, gʷih₃wéh₂bʰos
dative	*gʷih₃wéh₂ey	*?	gʷih₃wéh₂mos, gʷih₃wéh₂bʰos
locative	gʷih₃wéh₂, gʷih₃wéh₂i	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂su
instrumental	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁	*?	gʷih₃wéh₂mis, gʷih₃wéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóy(h₁)	*gʷih₃wéh₂
vocative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóy(h₁)	*gʷih₃wéh₂
accusative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóy(h₁)	*gʷih₃wéh₂
genitive	*gʷih₃wósyo	*?	*gʷih₃wóHom
ablative	*gʷih₃wéad	*?	gʷih₃wómos, gʷih₃wóbʰos
dative	*gʷih₃wóey	*?	gʷih₃wómos, gʷih₃wóbʰos
locative	gʷih₃wéy, gʷih₃wóy	*?	*gʷih₃wóysu
instrumental	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*?	*gʷih₃wṓys

Derived terms

*gʷíh₃w-e-ti
*gʷyéh₃w-o-
- Proto-Hellenic: *ďōwós
  - Ancient Greek: ζωός (zōós)
*gʷyéh₃w-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic: *ďṓyyon (see there for further descendants)
*gʷih₃wo-to-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwatas
  - Lithuanian: gyvatà
  - Old Prussian: giwato
  - Proto-Slavic: *životъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *biyatom (“food”)^[2] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷīwotos
  - Ancient Greek: βίοτος (bíotos), βιοτή (biotḗ)
- Proto-Italic: *gʷītā (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: जीवित (jīvitá) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬊 (gaiio, “life”) (acc. 𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬙𐬎𐬨 (jiiātum))
*gʷih₃wo-tuh₂t-s
- Proto-Celtic: *biwotūts (“life, existence”)
  - Proto-Brythonic: *bɨwöd
    - Welsh: bywyd
  - Old Irish: bethu, beothu, bethad
    - Middle Irish: betha
      - Irish: beatha
      - Manx: bea
      - Scottish Gaelic: beatha
*sēmi-gʷih₃wó-
- Proto-Germanic: *sēmikwikwaz
  - Old English: sāmcwic
- Proto-Hellenic: *hēmigʷīwos
  - Ancient Greek: ἡμίβιος (hēmíbios)
- Proto-Italic: *sēmigʷīwos
  - Latin: sēmivīvus

Antonyms

*mr̥tós

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwás (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *biwos (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *kwiwaz, *kwikwaz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *gʷīwos
- Ancient Greek: βίος (bíos) (or possibly a syncope of βίοτος (bíotos))
  - Greek: βίος (víos)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰiHwás (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *gʷīwos (see there for further descendants)
Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: śāw-, śāy-

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bēto-, *biyato-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 64

Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 467

[Ringe_2006-1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bēto-, *biyato-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 64

[1]

[2]