Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ésh₂r̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Alternative reconstructions

    • *ésh₂r̥[1]
    • *h₁ḗsh₂r̥

    Reconstruction

    On the basis of plene spelling in Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (e-eš-ḫar), Melchert (1984: 92) reconstructs the form *h₁ḗsh₂r̥ which is refuted by Kloekhorst (2008: 259).

    The full-grade suffix syllable is visible in Latin san-guen (< *h₁sh₂en-). Sanskrit अस्नस् (asnás) is a secondary innovation and not evidence for PIE *h₁esh₂nós with zero grade in the suffix syllable and accented full grade in the ending. Also Hittite genitive singular 𒅖𒄩𒈾𒀸 (išḫanāš) rather reflects PIE *h₁esh₂enós with secondary hysterodynamic accentuation of an original proterodynamic word (similar to 𒌓𒋻 (uttar, “word”) and 𒁁𒋻 (pattar, “basket”)).

    Noun

    *h₁ésh₂r̥ n[2][3]

    1. (flowing) blood

    Usage notes

    PIE distinguished two roots for “blood”, depending on whether it was found inside the body or outside. The former was that of *h₁ésh₂r̥, the latter *krewh₂-. The lexical distinction between the two is argued to indicate two distinct metaphorical sets, which have been preserved in various derivatives and extensions in the daughters.

    The word *h₁ésh₂r̥ has been associated with the notion of life-giving bodily fluid, and also with the patrilineal line in kinship terminology. On the other hand, the root *krewh₂- is associated with spilled blood from a wound or raw flesh, and yielded words related to physical harm and aggression.

    Inflection

    Athematic, proterokinetic
    singular collective
    nominative *h₁ésh₂r̥ *h₁ésh₂ōr
    genitive *h₁sh₂éns *h₁sh₂nés
    singular dual plural collective
    nominative *h₁ésh₂r̥ — — *h₁ésh₂ōr
    vocative *h₁ésh₂r̥ — — *h₁ésh₂ōr
    accusative *h₁ésh₂r̥ — — *h₁ésh₂ōr
    genitive *h₁sh₂éns — — *h₁sh₂nés
    ablative *h₁sh₂éns — — *h₁sh₂nés
    dative *h₁sh₂éney — — *h₁sh₂néy
    locative *h₁sh₂én, *h₁sh₂éni — — *h₁sh₂én, *h₁sh₂éni
    instrumental *h₁sh₂énh₁ — — *h₁sh₂néh₁

    Synonyms

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₁ésh₂r̥
    • *h₁ḗsh₂r̥-no-m[4]
      • >? Proto-Celtic: *īsarnom (“iron”) (see there for further descendants)
        • → Proto-Germanic: *īsarną (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₁sh₂én-ih₂ ~ *h₁sh₂n̥-yéh₂-s[5]
      • Proto-Italic: *sanjēs
        • Latin: saniēs (see there for further descendants)h₁egʷ-
    • *h₁sh₂n̥-gʷ⁽ʰ⁾-ḗn[3] or *h₁sh₂n̥-ǵ⁽ʰ⁾w-ḗn (+ *ǵʰew- (“to pour”)?)
      • Proto-Italic: *sangwen[6]
        • Old Latin: sanguen
          • ⇒ Latin: sanguīs (“blood”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₁sh₂n̥-g⁽ʷ⁾⁽ʰ⁾-o-m
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *asinga (“blood”)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésHr̥ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Armenian: *ehar[8]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *asn̥-
      • Latvian: asinis
      • Latgalian: asnis, ašņa (1sg.gen.)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *éhər (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HásHr̥ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *aser
    • Proto-Tocharian: *yä́sar

    References

    1. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 71: “*h₁ésh₂r̥ ~ *h₁ésh₂ōr (nom.), *h₁ₑsh₂nós (gen.) ‘(flowing) blood’; Lat sanguen (< *h₁sh₂en-gʷ-en-) ‘blood’”
    4. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*isarno-/*īsarno-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 172
    5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “*saniēs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 538
    6. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “*sanguīs, -inis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 537-538
    7. ^ Loma, Aleksandar (2002) “Aus der skythisch-sakischen Lehnwortforschung”, in Stachowski, Marek, editor, Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia, volume 7, Kraków: University of Kraków, page 198: “Jatvingian word for ‘blood’, ʃi.ga [read: si<n>ga],”
    8. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ariwn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 138
    • Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 256ff
    • Craig H. Melchert, (1984), Studies in Hittite Historical Phonology, Göttingen.
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