Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ósdos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Possibly connected in some way to Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hádᶻgas (“knot (in a plant), branch, twig”) (e.g. Sanskrit अद्ग (ádga-, “knot (in wood), sprout (of bamboo), cane”), Middle Persian ʾzg (“twig”)) and Proto-Celtic *odbos ~ *osbos (“knot”) (Old Irish odb, Middle Welsh oddf), which seem to reflect Proto-Indo-European *Hód(s)gʷos (“knot, shoot”). In that case, both *Hód(s)gʷos and *h₃ósdos (note also their complementary distribution) might be different simplifications of the same original compound word, the first element of which may tentatively be identified with *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).^[1] However, compare also Ancient Greek ὄσχος (óskhos), ὠσχός (ōskhós, “young branch”), which perhaps show substrate alternations.

Noun

*h₃ósdos m (non-ablauting)^[2]

branch
twig

Inflection

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*h₃ósdos
genitive	*h₃ósdosyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₃ósdos	*h₃ósdoh₁	*h₃ósdoes
vocative	*h₃ósde	*h₃ósdoh₁	*h₃ósdoes
accusative	*h₃ósdom	*h₃ósdoh₁	*h₃ósdoms
genitive	*h₃ósdosyo	*?	*h₃ósdoHom
ablative	*h₃ósdead	*?	h₃ósdomos, h₃ósdobʰos
dative	*h₃ósdoey	*?	h₃ósdomos, h₃ósdobʰos
locative	h₃ósdey, h₃ósdoy	*?	*h₃ósdoysu
instrumental	*h₃ósdoh₁	*?	*h₃ósdōys

Descendants

⇒? Proto-Anatolian: *Hasdwer (+ *-wer)
- Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒁺𒂊𒅕 (ḫa-aš-du-e-er, “twig(s), brushwood; splinter (of bone?)”)^{[note 1]}
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ոստ (ost)
  - Armenian: ոստ (ost)
  - →? Old Georgian: შტო (šṭo)
    - Georgian: შტო (šṭo), სტო (sṭo), რტო (rṭo)
Proto-Germanic: *astaz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *ózdos
- Ancient Greek: ὄζος (ózos), ὔσδος (úsdos) — Aeolic
  - Greek: όζος (ózos)

Notes

^ Kloekhorst separates the Hittite from *h₃ósdos, in favor of a compound *h₃ésth₁-gʷer- (“knot, shoot”, literally “bony bulge”), but proposes that the latter is the original form of the former.

References

^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “^(GIŠ)ḫašduer-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 326–327, citing Lubotsky
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 71

[3] Kloekhorst separates the Hittite from *h₃ósdos, in favor of a compound *h₃ésth₁-gʷer- (“knot, shoot”, literally “bony bulge”), but proposes that the latter is the original form of the former.

[EDHIL-1] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “^(GIŠ)ḫašduer-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 326–327, citing Lubotsky

[PIEPG-2] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 71

[1]

[2]

[note 1]