Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/semh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

  • *s(e)m-eh₂-

Etymology

May be related to *sēmi (“half”), if the original meaning was “half-year” as attested in Vedic.[1] Martirosyan argues that “year” was the original meaning.[2]

Root

*semh₂-

  1. summer (season)
  2. year
    Synonyms: *ǵʰéyōm, *wet-, *yóh₁r̥

Alternative reconstructions

  • *semH-, *sem-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *semh₂- (5 c, 0 e)
  • *s(é)m-eh₂[3]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sámaH
  • *sm̥h₂-e/or- (r-stem)[2]
    • Proto-Armenian:
    • ⇒ *sm̥h₂-er-o-s (Germanic can also reflect *sm̥h₂-or-o-s)
      • >? Proto-Celtic: *samaros,[4] *samarā
        • ⇒? Gaulish: *Samaro-brīwa (toponym)
        • Gaulish: *Samara
      • Proto-Germanic: *sumaraz[1] (see there for further descendants)
  • *sm̥h₂-ōn (n-stem) (possibly from a heteroclitic r/n-stem)
    • Proto-Celtic: *samū
      • ⇒ *kentu-samon-yos (“beginning of summer”)[5] (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *samonyos
        • ⇒ Gaulish: mid samonios (“early summer?”, a month of the Coligny calendar)
  • *sm̥h₂-ó-s[6]
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: ամ (am)
        • → Armenian: ամ (am) (learned)
    • Proto-Celtic: *samos[4] (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-)
        • Khotanese: [script needed] (hamana-)
        • Proto-Kurdish:
        • Old Persian:
          • Middle Persian: ḥʾmyn (hāmīn)
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian A: ṣme
      • Tocharian B: ṣmāye

See also

Seasons in Proto-Indo-European · [Term?] (layout · text) · category
*wósr̥ (“spring”) *semh₂- (“summer”) *(s)h₁es- (“autumn”) *ǵʰéyōm (“winter”)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sumara-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 491
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “amaṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 46
  3. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “sámā-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 704
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*samo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 321
  5. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kentu-samonyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 201
  6. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “am”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 45
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