ग्रीष्म
Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit ग्रीष्म (grīṣmá).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /ɡɾiːʂ.mᵊ/, [ɡɾiːʃ.mᵊ]
Noun
ग्रीष्म • (grīṣma) m (Urdu spelling گریشم)
- summer, the hot season
- ग्रीष्म अवकाश दो महीने में आरम्भ करता है।
- grīṣma avkāś do mahīne mẽ ārambh kartā hai.
- Summer vacation starts in two months.
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | ग्रीष्म grīṣma |
ग्रीष्म grīṣma |
| oblique | ग्रीष्म grīṣma |
ग्रीष्मों grīṣmõ |
| vocative | ग्रीष्म grīṣma |
ग्रीष्मो grīṣmo |
See also
| Seasons in Hindi · ऋतु (ŕtu) (layout · text) · category | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| बसंत (basant), बहार (bahār, “spring”) |
गर्मी (garmī), ग्रीष्म (grīṣma, “summer”) |
शरत् (śarat), शरद् (śarad, “autumn”) |
सर्दी (sardī, “winter”) |
References
- Bahri, Hardev (1989) “ग्रीष्म”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
- Platts, John T. (1884) “ग्रीष्म”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
Nepali
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɡrismʌ]
- Phonetic Devanagari: ग्रिस्म
Noun
ग्रीष्म • (grīṣma)
See also
| Seasons in Nepali · ऋतु (r̥tu) (layout · text) · category | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| बसन्त (basanta), वसन्त (vasanta, “spring”) | गर्मी (garmī), ग्रीष्म (grīṣma, “summer”) |
शरद (śarad, “autumn”) | हिउँद (hiũd), शिशिर (śiśira, “winter”) |
References
- “ग्रीष्म”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary][2], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
- Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “ग्रीष्म”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- গ্ৰীষ্ম (Assamese script)
- ᬕ᭄ᬭᬷᬱ᭄ᬫ (Balinese script)
- গ্রীষ্ম (Bengali script)
- 𑰐𑰿𑰨𑰱𑰬𑰿𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀕𑁆𑀭𑀻𑀱𑁆𑀫 (Brahmi script)
- ဂြီၑ္မ (Burmese script)
- ગ્રીષ્મ (Gujarati script)
- ਗ੍ਰੀਸ਼੍ਮ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌗𑍍𑌰𑍀𑌷𑍍𑌮 (Grantha script)
- ꦒꦿꦷꦰ꧀ꦩ (Javanese script)
- 𑂏𑂹𑂩𑂲𑂭𑂹𑂧 (Kaithi script)
- ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮ (Kannada script)
- គ្រីឞ្ម (Khmer script)
- ຄ຺ຣີຩ຺ມ (Lao script)
- ഗ്രീഷ്മ (Malayalam script)
- ᡤᡵᡳᡳᢢᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘐𑘿𑘨𑘲𑘬𑘿𑘦 (Modi script)
- ᠺᠷᠢᠢᢔᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦰𑧠𑧈𑧓𑧌𑧠𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐷𑐲𑑂𑐩 (Newa script)
- ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ (Odia script)
- ꢔ꣄ꢬꢷꢰ꣄ꢪ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆓𑇀𑆫𑆵𑆰𑇀𑆩 (Sharada script)
- 𑖐𑖿𑖨𑖱𑖬𑖿𑖦 (Siddham script)
- ග්රීෂ්ම (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩞 𑪙𑩼𑩑𑩛𑪀 𑪙𑩴 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚌𑚶𑚤𑚯𑚶𑚢 (Takri script)
- க்³ரீஷ்ம (Tamil script)
- గ్రీష్మ (Telugu script)
- คฺรีษฺม (Thai script)
- གྲཱི་ཥྨ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒑𑓂𑒩𑒲𑒭𑓂𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨍𑩇𑨫𑨁𑨊𑨯𑩇𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂-sm̥h₂-ós, from *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”) + *semh₂- (“summer”).[1] Compare समा (sámā). Also cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀 (hama), Persian هامین (hâmin), Old English sumor (whence English summer) through the latter component.
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɡɾiːʂ.mɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɡɾiːʂ.mɐ/
Noun
ग्रीष्म • (grīṣmá) stem, m
- summer, the hot season (from the middle of May to the middle of July)
- c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) I.6.2.3:
- वाचा मेन्द्रियेणाविश वसन्तम् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि स मा प्रीतः प्रीणातु
ग्रीष्मम् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि स मा प्रीतः प्रीणातु
वर्षा ऋतूनां प्रीणामि ता मा प्रीताः प्रीणन्तु
शरदम् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि सा मा प्रीता प्रीणातु
हेमन्त-शिशिराव् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि तौ मा प्रीतौ प्रीणीताम् अग्नी-षोमयोर् अहं देवयज्यया चक्षुष्मां भूयासम अग्नेर् अहं देवयज्यया ऽन्नादो भूयासम् ॥- vācā mendriyeṇāviśa vasantam ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi sa mā prītaḥ prīṇātu
grīṣmam ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi sa mā prītaḥ prīṇātu
varṣā ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi tā mā prītāḥ prīṇantu
śaradam ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi sā mā prītā prīṇātu
hemanta-śiśirāv ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi tau mā prītau prīṇītām agnī-ṣomayor ahaṃ devayajyayā cakṣuṣmāṃ bhūyāsama agner ahaṃ devayajyayā ʼnnādo bhūyāsam. - Do thou enter me with speech, with power of senses. Of all the seasons, spring I love; beloved, may it delight me.
Of the all seasons summer I love; beloved, may it delight me.
Of all the seasons the rains I love; beloved, may they delight me.
Of the all seasons the autumn I delight; beloved, may it delight me.
Of the seasons the winter and the cool I love; beloved, may they two delight me.
By obeisance to the gods, Agni and Soma, may I be possessed of sight. By obeisance to the god Agni, may I be an eater of food.
- vācā mendriyeṇāviśa vasantam ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi sa mā prītaḥ prīṇātu
- वाचा मेन्द्रियेणाविश वसन्तम् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि स मा प्रीतः प्रीणातु
- summer heat, heat
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ग्रीष्मः (grīṣmáḥ) | ग्रीष्मौ (grīṣmaú) ग्रीष्मा¹ (grīṣmā́¹) |
ग्रीष्माः (grīṣmā́ḥ) ग्रीष्मासः¹ (grīṣmā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | ग्रीष्मम् (grīṣmám) | ग्रीष्मौ (grīṣmaú) ग्रीष्मा¹ (grīṣmā́¹) |
ग्रीष्मान् (grīṣmā́n) |
| instrumental | ग्रीष्मेण (grīṣméṇa) | ग्रीष्माभ्याम् (grīṣmā́bhyām) | ग्रीष्मैः (grīṣmaíḥ) ग्रीष्मेभिः¹ (grīṣmébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | ग्रीष्माय (grīṣmā́ya) | ग्रीष्माभ्याम् (grīṣmā́bhyām) | ग्रीष्मेभ्यः (grīṣmébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | ग्रीष्मात् (grīṣmā́t) | ग्रीष्माभ्याम् (grīṣmā́bhyām) | ग्रीष्मेभ्यः (grīṣmébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | ग्रीष्मस्य (grīṣmásya) | ग्रीष्मयोः (grīṣmáyoḥ) | ग्रीष्माणाम् (grīṣmā́ṇām) |
| locative | ग्रीष्मे (grīṣmé) | ग्रीष्मयोः (grīṣmáyoḥ) | ग्रीष्मेषु (grīṣméṣu) |
| vocative | ग्रीष्म (grī́ṣma) | ग्रीष्मौ (grī́ṣmau) ग्रीष्मा¹ (grī́ṣmā¹) |
ग्रीष्माः (grī́ṣmāḥ) ग्रीष्मासः¹ (grī́ṣmāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Derived terms
- ग्रैष्म (graíṣma)
Descendants
- Pali: gimha
- Khowar: گرِݰپو (griṣpó)
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀫𑁆𑀳 (gimha)
- Marathi: गीह्म (gīhma), गीम (gīm)
- → Bengali: গ্রীষ্ম (griśśõ)
- → Galician: gríxema
- → Kannada: ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮ (grīṣma)
- → Telugu: గ్రీష్మము (grīṣmamu)
- → Malayalam: ഗ്രീഷ്മം (grīṣmaṁ)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “ग्रीष्म”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 374.
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “grīṣmá”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 511