Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sh₂ey-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Probably from *seh₂- (“to bind”) +‎ *-éyti (*éy-present verbal suffix).[1]

Root

*sh₂ey-[2][3]

  1. to bind, fetter

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms

  • *sh₂éy-t ~ *sh₂y-ént (root athematic aorist)[2]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HasHáyt
      • Proto-Iranian: *HahHáyt
        • Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬏 (aŋhaiiū, “to become bound”)
  • *sh₂i-yé-ti (deponent ye-present)[2][5]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: [script needed] (iš-ḫi-ya-zi /⁠išḫiyazi⁠/)
  • *sh₂óy-e ~ *sh₂y-ḗr (stative) (or *sh₂-óy-e ← *seh₂-[6])
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: [script needed] (iš-ḫa-a-i /⁠išḫai⁠/) ~ [script needed] (iš-ḫi-i-er)
  • *sih₂-éti (tudati-type root thematic present)[7]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *siHáti
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *siHáti
        • Sanskrit: स्यति (syáti)
  • *si-né-h₂-ti ~ si-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix)[2][7]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sináHti
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sináHti
        • Sanskrit: सिनाति (sinā́ti, “to bind”)[8]
          • ⇒ Sanskrit: सिनोति (sinoti)
  • *sh₂i-sh₂óy-e ~ *sh₂i-sh₂y-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative)[2]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Luwian: [script needed] (ḫi-iš-ḫi-ya-an-ti /⁠ḫišḫiyanti⁠/, 3pl.pres.act.)
    • >? Proto-Hellenic:
      • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀊𐀕𐀜 (a-ja-me-no /⁠ai⁽ʰ⁾aimeno, ai⁽ʰ⁾āimeno⁠/, “inlaid”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHišHā́ya (“to keep bound”)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHiṣHāya
        • Sanskrit: सिषाय (siṣāya)
      • Proto-Iranian: *hHišHāya[9]
        • Avestan: 𐬁𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬁 (āhišāiiā)
  • *sh₂i-mṓ
  • *sh₂éy-dʰl-om[10][11]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáiˀdlo
      • Latvian: saiklis (“string, band”)
      • Lithuanian: ãtsailė (“cross-bar between beam and axle”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *sidlo (“noose, snare”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *sh₂éy-mn̥ ~ *sh₂i-méns (“rope”)[7]
    • Proto-Celtic: *siman
    • Proto-Hellenic: *hímə
      • Ancient Greek: *ἵμα (*híma)
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμαῖος (himaîos)
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάω (himáō)
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάς (himás)
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάσθλη (himásthlē)
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμονιά (himoniá) (< collective *hímōn)
  • *sh₂éy-ōl ~ *sh₂i-l-és[12][5]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: [script needed] (iš-hi-ia-al)
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *séiˀlāˀ
    • Proto-Germanic: *sailą (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *silô (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *sīlô[13]
      • Dutch: zijl, zijle (“trace, rope”)
      • German: Seilen (“horse harness”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sīljaną
        • Icelandic: síla (“to tie together”)
  • *sh₂éy-teh₂[14]
  • *sh₂éy-tlo-m (possibly)
  • *sh₂éy-tu-s ~ *sh₂i-téw-s[15]
    • Armenian:
    • Proto-Germanic: *siduz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHáytuš (“fetter, band, bridge”)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHáytuṣ
      • Proto-Iranian: *hHáytuš
        • Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎 (haētu)
        • Ossetian: (“bridge”)
          Digor Ossetian: хед (xed)
          Iron Ossetian: хид (xid)
        • Persian: خدک (xadak)
  • *sh₂i-tó-s (“bound, fettered”) (or rather *sh₂-tó-s[8])
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHitás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHitás
      • Proto-Iranian: *hHitáh
        • Avestan: 𐬵𐬌𐬙𐬀 (hita)
  • *sh₂oy-tó-s[4][17]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáiˀtas (“tie, cord”)[17]
    • Proto-Germanic: *saidô (see there for further descendants)
  • *sh₂óy-wl̥ ~ *sh₂i-wén-s
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *saiwalō (see there for further descendants)
  • *sih₂-nó-s[18] (possibly)
    • Proto-Celtic: *sīnos[18]
      • Proto-Brythonic: *hin
      • Middle Irish: sín

References

  1. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Proto-Indo-Iranian, page 1884
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*sh₂ei̯-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 544
  3. ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 274: “*/sh₂ei̯-/ ‘bind’”
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “3. sē(i)-, -səi- : sī- und sei- : si-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 891-892
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*saila/ō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 422: “*sh₂oi-lo-”
  6. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “išḫai-ⁱ / išḫi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 391-393: “*(si-)sh₂-ói-e”
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἱμάς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 589-590
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “sā (si)”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 456
  9. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*hHai-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135
  10. ^ Jasanoff, Jay (2017) The Prehistory of the Balto-Slavic Accent (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 17), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*sh₂éi-dʰlo-”
  11. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “sīdlò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  12. ^ Rieken, Elisabeth (1999) Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten; 44)‎[2] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →DOI, pages 445-446
  13. ^ Kroonen, Guus Jann (2009) Consonant and vowel gradation in the Proto-Germanic n-stems (PhD thesis)‎[3], Leiden: Leiden University, page 81
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “saeta”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 534-535: “PIE *séh₂i-to- or *sh₂éi-to- ‘cord’”
  15. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (1988) The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European‎[4], Brill, page 47
  16. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “haytʿ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 385
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “saitas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 386
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120
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