Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tum-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Alternative reconstructions

    Etymology

    Thought to be related to *tewh₂- (“to swell”). However, the laryngeal is problematic. De Vaan suggests a hypothetical **tu- as the underlying form of this and *tewh₂-.

    Root

    *tum-[3][4]

    1. to swell
    2. to become big or strong
    3. mound

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tum- (8 c, 0 e)
    • *tum-éh₁ye-ti (stative)[1][3][5]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: tumė́ti (“to thicken”)
      • Proto-Celtic: *tumīti[2] (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *tumēō
        • Latin: tumeō (“to swell; to be violent”)
    • *tum-id-o-s
      • Proto-Italic: *tumidos
        • Latin: tumidus (see there for further descendants)
    • *tu(h₂)m-ō[5] (see there for further descendants)
    • *tum-ōs
      • Proto-Italic:
        • Latin: tumor (see there for further descendants)
    • *tum-ó-s[5]
      • Proto-Celtic: *tumos (“strength; growth”)
        • Proto-Brythonic: *tuβ̃
          • Welsh: twf
          • Old Breton: tum
            • Breton: teñv
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumás
        • Proto-Iranian: *tumáh
          • ⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀 (tumāspana, “with fat horses”, personal name)
    • *tum-o-ló-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumalás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumalás
      • Proto-Italic: *tumolos
        • Latin: tumulus (see there for further descendants)
    • *tum-ró-s (“swollen”)[5]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: तुम्र (túmra, “big, strong”)[3]
    *tum-bʰ-[6]
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: թումբ (tʻumb, “embankment, mound”)[4] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *tumbos
      • Middle Irish: tomm (“small hill”)
      • Middle Welsh: tom (“dung, mound”)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: τύμβος (túmbos, “mound, burial mound, grave”), τύμβη (túmbē) (see there for further descendants)
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Celtic: *towmā
      • Proto-Brythonic:
        • Welsh: tumon, tumion (“haunches”)
      • Middle Irish: túaim (“hill, mound”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tūtumás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tūtumás
        • Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong, effective”)[3]
    • Proto-Italic: *tumoltos
      • Latin: tumultus (“earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult”) (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tu̯em-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 654
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “tum-ī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 394
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tumeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 633
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թումբ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 206
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “þū̆man-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 550
    6. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tumbo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 394
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