Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þūmô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *tu(h₂)m-ō, from *tum- (“to swell”), thus "big swollen finger" > "thumb". Cognate with Sanskrit तुम्र (túmra, “strong, big”), Latin tumor (“swelling, tumor”), Lithuanian tumė́ti (“to coagulate”), Welsh twf (“strength”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθuː.mɔːː/

Noun

*þūmô m

thumb

Inflection

Declension of *þūmô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*þūmô	*þūmaniz
vocative	*þūmô	*þūmaniz
accusative	*þūmanų	*þūmanunz
genitive	*þūminiz	*þūmanǫ̂
dative	*þūmini	*þūmammaz
instrumental	*þūminē	*þūmammiz

Derived terms

*þūmilaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þūmō
- Old English: þūma, *ᚦᚢᛗᚪ (*þuma)
  - Middle English: thombe
    - English: thumb
    - Scots: thoum
    - Yola: thoome, thoume
- Old Frisian: thūma
  - North Frisian: tome, töme
  - Saterland Frisian: Tume
  - West Frisian: tomme, tûme
- Old Saxon: thūmo
  - Middle Low German: dûme
    - German Low German: Dumen, Dume, Duum
    - Plautdietsch: Dumen
- Old Dutch: *thūmo
  - Middle Dutch: dume
    - Dutch: duim, (archaic) dom
      - Afrikaans: duim
      - Negerhollands: tompi
      - → Aukan: doin
      - → Caribbean Hindustani: doi
      - → Caribbean Javanese: dim
      - → Indonesian: dim
      - → Papiamentu: dùim, duim
      - → Russian: дюйм (djujm)
    - Limburgish: doem, doemb
- Old High German: dūmo
  - Middle High German: dūme, doume, tūme
    - Cimbrian: daumo
    - German: Daumen
    - Central Franconian:
      - Hunsrik: Daume
      - Luxembourgish: Daum
    - Rhine Franconian:
      - Pennsylvania German: Daume
Old Norse: *þumi
- ⇒ Old Gutnish: ᚦᚢᛘᛒᛚᛁᚾᚵᛁ
- Icelandic: þumi
- Faroese: tummi
- Norn: tum
- Old Swedish: þumi
  - Swedish: tumme, tum
- Danish: tomme
  - → Icelandic: tomma
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: tomme
- Old Gutnish:
  - Gutnish: tumme
→? Proto-Finnic: *tuumën (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þū̆man-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 550

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þū̆man-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 550

[1]