Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upér

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*upéri, *(s)upér

Etymology

From *úp (“above”) +‎ *-er (locative adverbial suffix). From the same root as *up-ó (“up”). For the suffix compare *(H)n̥dʰ-ér (“under”), *kʷó-r (“where?”), *tó-r (“there”).^[1]

Adverb

*upér^[2]

above
over

Derived terms

*upér-i (“over, above”, adverb) (with additional locative suffix *-i)
- Proto-Armenian: *uwéri
  - Old Armenian: վեր (ver)^[3]
- Proto-Germanic: *ubiri (preposition)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *upári (see there for further descendants)
*uper-yo-
- Proto-Armenian: *uwérǰo-
  - Old Armenian: վերջ (verǰ)
*úper-o-s (“upper, higher”, adjective)^[1]
- ⇒? Proto-Albanian: *eupera
  - Albanian: epër (“above”, adverb)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: վերոյ (veroy, “upper”)
- Proto-Germanic: *ufaraz
  - Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍉 (ufarō, “over”, preposition)
  - Old High German: obaro
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *úparas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úparas
    - Sanskrit: उपर (úpara)
  - Proto-Iranian: *úparah
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (upara)
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *superos (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Celtic: *uɸer (see there for further descendants)^[4]
Proto-Germanic: *uber (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *hupér
- Ancient Greek: ὑπέρ (hupér)
⇒ Proto-Italic: *super^[5]
- Latin: super
- Oscan: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌖 (supru, abl.sg)
- Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓 (super), 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra, adverb)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*upér ‘oben, darüber; hinauf’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 835-38
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 248
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ver”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 592-593
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ufor-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 398
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “super”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 600

[LIPP-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*upér ‘oben, darüber; hinauf’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 835-38

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 248

[3] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ver”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 592-593

[4] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ufor-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 398

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “super”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 600

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