Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upó

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Possibly from *h₁ewp-, whence also Hittite 𒌋𒌒𒍣 (u-up-zi, “to rise (of the sun)”);^[1] but the verb could have come from the adverb instead.^[2] Probably with allative suffix *-o.

Adverb

*upó

up, from below

Reconstruction notes

Dunkel separates *úp (“above”) / *úpo (“up”)^[2] from *súp (“below”) / *súpo (“down”).^[3] This separation is unwarranted; the *s- in Italic and Tocharian can be explained as contractions of the compound adverbials *h₁eǵʰs upó and *h₁én-s upó.^[4]

Derived terms

*(s)up-s
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: sus-
*(s)up-s-i
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὕψι (húpsi)
*(s)up-s-os ~ *(s)up-s-es-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὕψος (húpsos)
- Proto-Celtic: *ouxsos (from full grade)
  - Old Irish: úas
  - ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ouxselos
*(s)up-ti-os
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὕπτιος (húptios)
*(s)up-iH-nos
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: supīnus
*(s)up-ér(i)
*(s)úp-m̥mo-s (“uppermost”)
- Proto-Celtic: *uɸamos
  - Lepontic: 𐌖𐌅𐌀𐌌𐌏- (uvamo-)
- Proto-Germanic: *ufumô (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *upamás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *upamás
    - Sanskrit: उपम (upamá, “uppermost”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *upamáh
    - Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬨𐬀 (upama), 𐬎𐬞𐬆𐬨𐬀 (upəma, “uppermost, highest”)
- Proto-Italic: *supemos
  - Latin: summus

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *upela
- Albanian: ubël
Proto-Albanian: *upera
- Albanian: upri

Descendants

Proto-Celtic: *uɸo
- Old Irish: fo, fu, fú
  - Irish: faoi
  - Manx: fo
  - Scottish Gaelic: fo
Proto-Germanic: *ub (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὑπό (hupó)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *úpa, *upa-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úpa, *upa-
  - Sanskrit: उप (úpa), उप- (upa-)
    - Hindi: उप- (up-)
Proto-Italic: *supo (see there for further descendants)
Tocharian B: spe

References

^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 920
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*úp 'oben', *úpo 'hinauf'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 829-834
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*súp 'unten', *súpo 'hinab'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 746-751
^ Hackstein, Olav (2023) “When words coalesce II: Preverb incorporation in Indo-European”, in Indo-European Linguistics‎^[1], volume 11, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 28-30