Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yóh₁r̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    Beekes mentions a possible derivation from *(H)yeh₁- (“to send”).[1]

    Noun

    *yóh₁r̥ n (oblique stem *yéh₁n-)[2]

    1. year
      Synonyms: *ǵʰéyōm, *wétos
    2. growing season or harvest season
      Synonym: *semh₂-
      Antonym: *ǵʰey-

    Inflection

    Athematic, acrostatic
    singular collective
    nominative *yóh₁r̥ *yéh₁ōr
    genitive *yéh₁n̥s *ih₁nés
    singular dual plural collective
    nominative *yóh₁r̥ *yóh₁rih₁ *yóh₁r̥h₂ *yéh₁ōr
    vocative *yóh₁r̥ *yóh₁rih₁ *yóh₁r̥h₂ *yéh₁ōr
    accusative *yóh₁r̥ *yóh₁rih₁ *yóh₁r̥h₂ *yéh₁ōr
    genitive *yéh₁n̥s *? *yéh₁noHom *ih₁nés
    ablative *yéh₁n̥s *? *yéh₁n̥mos, *yéh₁n̥bʰos *ih₁nés
    dative *yéh₁ney *? *yéh₁n̥mos, *yéh₁n̥bʰos *ih₁néy
    locative *yéh₁n̥, *yéh₁ni *? *yéh₁n̥su *ih₁én, *ih₁éni
    instrumental *yéh₁n̥h₁ *? *yéh₁n̥mis, *yéh₁n̥bʰis *ih₁néh₁

    Derived terms

    • *yéh₁r-o-m
      • Proto-Germanic: *jērą[2] (see there for further descendants)
    • *yóh₁r-o-s, *yóh₁r-eh₂
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jā́ˀras, *jāˀrā́ˀ
        • Old Lithuanian: jōrė
        • Proto-Slavic: *jaro n, *jara f, *jarъ m (“summer; spring”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Italic: *jōros
        • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *hōrnos (< earlier *hojōrnos < *ho- (“this”) + *jōros + *-nos, cf. hodiē (“today”)[3])
          • Latin: hōrnus (“this year's, grown this year”)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas
        • ⇒ Sanskrit: पर्यारिणी (paryāríṇī, “calving after a year”)
      • Proto-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHah
        • Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆 (yārə) ~ 𐬫𐬃 (yā̊), 𐬫𐬁 (yā))
        • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *dušyārah (“bad year, drought”) (+ *duš-)
          • Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬲𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (dužiiāiriia, “bad year, drought, harvest bringing bad seasons”)
          • Parthian: [script needed] (dušyār, “drought”), [script needed] (dižyārīft, “famine”)
          • Old Persian: 𐎯𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 (dušiyāram, “bad year, drought, ill-crop”)
        • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hhuyārah (“good year, non-drought year”) (+ *Hhu-)
          • Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (huiiāiriia, “good year, non-drought year, harvest bringing good seasons”)

    References

    1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὥρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1681-1682: “for the semantics, we may compare MoHG Geschick 'fate' from schicken 'to send'.”
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*jēra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 273
    3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hōrnus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 289-290
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