Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hácwah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

PIE word
*h₁éḱwos

    From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.

    Noun

    *Hácwah m[1][2][3]

    1. horse

    Inflection

    masculine a-stem
    singular dual plural
    nominative *Hácwah *Hácwā(w) *Hácwāh(ah)
    vocative *Hácwa *Hácwā(w) *Hácwāh(ah)
    accusative *Hácwam *Hácwā(w) *Hácwānh
    instrumental *HácwaH *Hácwaybʰyā(m) *Hácwāyš
    ablative *Hácwāt *Hácwaybʰyā(m) *Hácwaybʰyah
    dative *Hácwāy *Hácwaybʰyā(m) *Hácwaybʰyah
    genitive *Hácwahya *Hácwayāh *HácwānaHam
    locative *Hácway *Hácwayaw *Hácwayšu

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • Central Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 (aspa)
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Proto-Scythian: *asφi m, *asφā f
        • Proto-Sarmatian: *asφa
          • Alanic: *ӕfsӕ
        • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *aśśi
          • Khotanese: 𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀰𑁎 (aśśä)
          • Tumshuqese: 𑀅𑀰 (aśa)
          • Wakhi: yaš
            • → Southwestern Fars:
              Burenjani: [Term?] (/⁠уʌšɛ⁠/), [script needed] (yūrk)
      • Sogdo-Bactrian:
        • Bactrian: ασπο (aspo /⁠asp⁠/)
        • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾsb), [script needed] (ʾsp /⁠asp⁠/)
        • Proto-Sogdic: *aspi
          • Sogdian:
            Buddhist: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼷 (ʾspy /⁠əspí⁠/)
            Christian: ܣܦܝ (spy /⁠spí⁠/), ܐܣܦܝ (ʾspy /⁠ᵊspí⁠/)
            Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫏 (ʾspy /⁠əspí⁠/)
            Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼷 (ʾspy /⁠əspí⁠/)
          • Yagnobi: asp
    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Munji-Yidgha:
        • Munji: [script needed] (yōsp), [script needed] (yosp)
        • Yidgha: [script needed] (yā̌sp), [script needed] (yasp)
      • Ormuri-Parachi:
        • Ormuri:
          Kaniguram: [script needed] (yāsp), [script needed] (yansp)
          Logar: [script needed] (yâsp)
        • Parachi: ȫsp
      • Pathan: *ā́sᵽă-[3]
        • Pashto:
          Afridi: [script needed] m (wā̊s), [script needed] f (wā̊spa)
          Pashto: آس (ās), اس m (as), اسپه f (áspa)
          Waziri: [script needed] m (wōs), [script needed] f (wōspa)
        • Waneci: [script needed] (ās)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Baluchi
        • Eastern Hill: اسپ (asp)
        • Rakhshani:
          • Panjguri, Kalati: هسپ (hasp)
          • Chagai-Karani, Sarhaddi, Afghani: اسپ (asp)
        • Sarawani: اسپ (asp)
        • Kechi: اپس (aps)
        • Lotuni (Lashari): اسپ (asp)
        • Coastal: اسپ (asp)
      • Kurdish:
      • Medo-Parthian:
        • Gurani: ئەسپ (asp)
        • Komisenian:
          • Biyabanaki: [script needed] (asp)
          • Lasgerdi: [script needed] (asb)
          • Sangisari: [script needed] (asb), اسم (asm)
          • Sorkhei: [script needed] (äsp), [script needed] (äsm)
        • Old Median: *aspah
          • Middle Median: *asp
            • Kermanic:
              • Farizandi, Gazi, Kafroni, Kesehi, Khunsari, Natanzi, Zefrehi: asm
              • Natanzi, Yazdi, Yarandi: asb
              • Nayini: äsp
              • Qohrudi, Vonishuni: asp
              • Soi: äs
            • Sivandi: usūr
            • Tatic:
              • Southern Tati: [Term?] (asb)
              • Talysh: асп
          • Semnani: [script needed] (äsp)
          • → Akkadian:
            → Late Babylonian: 𒊍𒉺𒀪 (as-pa-ʾ /⁠aspaʾ⁠/)
          • → Khinalug: спа (spa)
          • → Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (a-s-p /⁠aspaʰ⁠/)
            • Middle Persian: 𐭮𐭥𐭮𐭩𐭠 (SWSYA /⁠asp⁠/)
              • Bakhtiari: [script needed] (asp)
              • Classical Persian: اسپ (asp)
              • → Southwestern Fars:
                Masarami: [script needed] (äsp), [script needed] (äsb)
                Samghani: [script needed] (asp)
              • → Larestani: [script needed] ('asp)
              • → Southern Luri: [script needed] (asp)
        • Tabari:
          • Gilaki: [script needed] (asp), [script needed] (asb)
          • Mazanderani-Shahmirzadi:
            • Mazanderani: [script needed] (asb)
            • Shahmirzadi: [script needed] (asp), [script needed] (asb)
    • Southwestern Iranian:
    • → Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *ʼɨčʷe[4]
      • Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʼičʷa[4]
        • Akhvakh: ичва (ičʷa)
        • Andi: ица (ica)
        • Avar: чу (ču)
        • Chamalal: ис̌а (iša)
        • Karata: ичва (ičva, “mare”)
      • Dargwa: урчи (urči)
      • Khinalug: пши (pši)
      • Lak: чву (čwu)
      • Lezgi: шив (šiv)
    • → Proto-Circassian: *č'ʷə[4]
    • → Georgian: აჩუ (aču), აჩო (ačo), ჰაჩო (hačo, “urge on horses”), აცე (ace, “urge on donkeys”), აჩუა (ačua, “horse”) (nursery word)[4]
    • → Mingrelian: აჩუ (aču, “urge on horses; horse”), აჩუა (ačua, “horse”) (nursery word)
    • → Tocharian B: etswe

    References

    1. ^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*āśu̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 243-246
    2. ^ Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015) Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎[1], Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎[2], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Witzel, Michael (2003) Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129)‎[3], Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 20
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