Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/carHdáh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

    Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-?
    Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts
    Proto-Iranian *carHdáh

    From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁- (“to warm up, to be hot”).[1][2] Cognate with Latin caleō (“to be warm”).

    Noun

    *carHdáh f

    1. autumn, summer
    2. year

    Derived terms

    • *nawahcarHdah (“new year”)
      • Khwarezmian: نوسارڅ (nwsʾrc /⁠nawsārc⁠/)
      • Sogdian: *nawēsarδ
        • → Classical Persian: نوسرذ (nawsarδ, “the new year celecbration”) (Albiruni's books)
      • Parthian: *nawāgsarδ
        • → Old Armenian: նաւասարդ (nawasard)
        • → Aramaic: [script needed] (nwsrdʾ /⁠nawsardā⁠/, “new year”)
      • Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nwksʾł /⁠nōgsāl⁠/)
        • Classical Persian: نوسال (nawsāl)
          Dari: نوسال (nawsāl)
          Iranian Persian: نوسال (nowsāl)
          Tajik: навсол (navsol)
    • *upacarHdáh (“spring”)
      • Khotanese: 𑀧𑀲𑀸𑀮 (pasāla)
      • Sogdian: ܐܦܣܐܪܠ (ʾpsʾrδ /⁠əpsarδ⁠/, “the new year festival”)
      • Pashto: پسرلۍ (pserláy, “spring”)
      • Yidgha: فسیدرو (fsīdro, “spring”)
      • Mazanderani: اوسر (avasor, “spring”)
      • Talysh: (/⁠avasōr⁠/, “spring”)
        Latin script: əvəsor
        Arabic script: اوسور
      • Parthian: *aβsarδ
        • → Old Armenian: աւսարդ (awsard)
      • Zazaki: usar (usār, “spring”)
      • Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾpsʾł /⁠afsāl⁠/, “spring; new year festival, spring festival”)
        • Classical Persian: ابسال (absāl), آبسال (âbsâl)

    Descendants

    • Central Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (sarəδa, “year”)
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Proto-Scythian:
        • Ossetian: (“summer”)
          Digor Ossetian: сӕрдӕ (særdæ)
          Iron Ossetian: сӕрд (særd)
        • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
          • Khotanese: [script needed] (salä)
          • Wakhi: wəsərd
      • Sogdo-Bactrian:
        • Bactrian: σαρλο (sarlo)
        • Khwarezmian: سرذ (srδ /⁠*sarδ⁠/)
        • Sogdian: (/⁠sarδ⁠/)
          Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡𐫔 (srδ), 𐫘𐫡𐫕 (srδδ)
          Sogdian script: 𐼼𐽀𐼹 (srδ)
          Syriac script: ܣܪܕ (srd), ܫܢܬ (ŠNT)
    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Pashto: پشېرلی (pšerláy, “young ram in the second year”), پشېرلی (pšerlë́y, “young ewe in the second year”)
      • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
        • Yidgha: اسال (asāl)
        • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
          • Shughni: асӣд̌ (asīδ), асӣд (asīd), (Khufi, Rushani) [script needed] (asoδ), [script needed] (asöδ)
          • Yazghulami: асуд̌ (asuδ), асу̊д̌ (asůδ)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Baluchi: سال (sál)
      • Kurdish:
        Northern Kurdish: sal
        Central Kurdish: ساڵ (sall)
        Southern Kurdish: ساڵ (sall)
        Laki: ساڵ (sall)
      • Medo-Parthian:
        • Caspian:
        • Parthian: (/⁠sarδ, sār⁠/)
          Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 (sʾr)
          Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭔𐭍𐭕 (ŠNT)
        • Proto-Tatic:
        • Zaza-Gurani:
    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Old Persian: 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d /⁠θrda⁠/, “year”)
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠sāl⁠/)
          Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 (sʾr)
          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠNT)
          Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭱𐭭𐭲 (ŠNT)
          Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮌𐮑 (ŠNT)
      • Southwestern Fars:
        • Old Kazeruni: ثل (θal) (in older orthography) [3]


    References

    1. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “śarád-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[1] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 616
    2. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 414
    3. ^ Adib Tusi, M.A., 1381 AP / 2002 AD. Lahjeye Kâzeruniye qadim, Kâzeruniye. (in Persian)
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