Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gvězda

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gwaizdā́ˀ / *źwaizdā́ˀ (*gwaiźdā́ˀ / *źwaiźdā́ˀ), from Proto-Indo-European:

Derksen: *ǵʰwoyǵʰ-dʰeh₁- / *ǵʰwoydʰ-dʰeh₁-.
ЭССЯ: *ǵʰwoy-steh₂ (“standing luminary”), from *ǵʰwoy- (var. *gʷʰay-) + *steh₂- (“to stand”) (cf. *stē̆r-).
Vasmer: probably last syllable contains *dʰē- (“to put, place”)
Pokorny: *ǵʰwoygʷ-(e)s-d-eh₂ (*-(e)s- stem, *-d(eh₂)), from *ǵʰwoygʷ- (“to shine; star”).

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian žvaigždė̃, Samogitian žvaiždie, Latvian zvàigzne, Old Prussian Asg. swāigstan.

A possible Indo-European cognate is Ossetian ӕвзи́ст (ævzíst) / ӕвзестӕ (ævzestæ, “silver”) (< Old Ossetic *zvestæ).

Noun

*gvě̄zdà f^[1]^[2]

star

Inflection

Declension of *gvě̄zdà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gvě̄zdà	*gvě̃zdě	*gvě̄zdỳ
genitive	*gvě̄zdỳ	*gvě̄zdù	*gvě̃zdъ
dative	*gvě̄zdě̀	*gvě̄zdàma	*gvě̄zdàmъ
accusative	*gvě̄zdǫ̀	*gvě̃zdě	*gvě̄zdỳ
instrumental	gvě̄zdòjǫ, gvě̃zdǫ^**	*gvě̄zdàma	*gvě̄zdàmī
locative	*gvě̄zdě̀	*gvě̄zdù	gvě̄zdàsъ, gvě̄zdàxъ^*
vocative	*gvězdo	*gvě̃zdě	*gvě̄zdỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Alternative forms

*zvězda

Derived terms

*gvězdatъ
*gvězdьnъ

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: звѣзда (zvězda)
  - Old Ruthenian: звѣзда (zvězda)
    - Belarusian: звязда́ (zvjazdá) (archaic)
    - Carpathian Rusyn: звізда́ (zvizdá)
    - Ukrainian: звізда́ (zvizdá) (archaic)
  - Russian: звезда́ (zvezdá)
- Old Novgorodian: *гвѣꙁда (*gvězda); ⇒ гвѣꙁдъка (gvězdŭka)
  - → Russian: гвезда́ (gvezdá), гвязда (gvjazda) (dialectal)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: ѕвѣзда (dzvězda), звѣзда (zvězda)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⰷⰲⱑⰸⰴⰰ (dzvězda), ⰸⰲⱑⰸⰴⰰ (zvězda)
  - Bulgarian: звезда́ (zvezdá), звя́зда (zvjázda), дзвя́зда (dzvjázda) (dialectal)
  - Macedonian: ѕвезда (dzvezda)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: зве́зда, звије́зда, зви́зда
  
  Latin script: zvézda, zvijézda, zvízda
- Slovene: zvẹ́zda (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: hvězda
  - Czech: hvězda
    - Bohemian: vězda
- Old Polish: gwiazda
  - Polish: gwiazda, gwiázda (dialectal, obsolete)
  - Silesian: gwiŏzda
- Old Slovak: hviezda, hvezda, hvízda
  - Pannonian Rusyn: гвизда (hvizda)
  - Slovak: hviezda, (dialectal) hvizda
- Polabian: gjozdă
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: gwiôzda
  - Slovincian: gwjozda
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: gwězda
  - Upper Sorbian: hwězda

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gvě̄zdà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 195: “f. ā (b) ‘star’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “gvězda gvězdy”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (NA 91f., 141; SA 20, 156); b/c (PR 138) star”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gvě̄zdà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 195: “f. ā (b) ‘star’”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001) “gvězda gvězdy”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (NA 91f., 141; SA 20, 156); b/c (PR 138) star”

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