Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/jьstъ
Proto-Slavic
Alternative reconstructions
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ī́ˀstas, cognate with Latvian ĩsts (“true”) (whence also ĩstens, ĩstans), as well as Latin Istaevōnēs (name of an ancient Germanic tribe). Further origin uncertain:
- Vasmer relates Latvian īksts, Lithuanian áiškus (“clear”) (also attested as ýškus, éiškus, ýskus, i̇̀ščias), Old Armenian իսկ (isk, “in reality”), which are in turn related to Proto-Slavic *ěsnъ (“clear”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- (“to prompt, to gauge”) whence (amongst others) Ancient Greek αἰτῐ́ᾱ (aitĭ́ā, “cause, reason”).
- Stang proposes a connection to Sanskrit ईशे (ī́śe, “I am in possession”), ईशान m (īśāná, “lord, wealthy”), Proto-Germanic *aiganaz (“own”) (Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌽 n (aigin, “property”), 𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (aigan, “to own, to have”), Old High German eigan (“own”), English own). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to possess”).
- Toporov, Trubačev consider primary meaning "same", perhaps cognate with Latin iste (“that (of yours)”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (referential particle) + *tó (“the, that”)
- Meillet, Snoj suggest derivation from pre-Slavic *ēisth₂os < *h₁ēi (augment, loc. case) + *-stъ.
Adjective
*jìstъ[4]
Declension
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *jistъ | *jista | *jisto |
| genitive | *jista | *jisty | *jista |
| dative | *jistu | *jistě | *jistu |
| accusative | *jistъ | *jistǫ | *jisto |
| instrumental | *jistomь | *jistojǫ | *jistomь |
| locative | *jistě | *jistě | *jistě |
| vocative | *jiste | *jisto | *jisto |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *jista | *jistě | *jistě |
| genitive | *jistu | *jistu | *jistu |
| dative | *jistoma | *jistama | *jistoma |
| accusative | *jista | *jistě | *jistě |
| instrumental | *jistoma | *jistama | *jistoma |
| locative | *jistu | *jistu | *jistu |
| vocative | *jista | *jistě | *jistě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *jisti | *jisty | *jista |
| genitive | *jistъ | *jistъ | *jistъ |
| dative | *jistomъ | *jistamъ | *jistomъ |
| accusative | *jisty | *jisty | *jista |
| instrumental | *jisty | *jistami | *jisty |
| locative | *jistěxъ | *jistaxъ | *jistěxъ |
| vocative | *jisti | *jisty | *jista |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *jistъjь | *jistaja | *jistoje |
| genitive | *jistajego | *jistyję̇ | *jistajego |
| dative | *jistujemu | *jistěji | *jistujemu |
| accusative | *jistъjь | *jistǫjǫ | *jistoje |
| instrumental | *jistyjimь | *jistǫjǫ | *jistyjimь |
| locative | *jistějemь | *jistěji | *jistějemь |
| vocative | *jistъjь | *jistaja | *jistoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *jistaja | *jistěji | *jistěji |
| genitive | *jistuju | *jistuju | *jistuju |
| dative | *jistyjima | *jistyjima | *jistyjima |
| accusative | *jistaja | *jistěji | *jistěji |
| instrumental | *jistyjima | *jistyjima | *jistyjima |
| locative | *jistuju | *jistuju | *jistuju |
| vocative | *jistaja | *jistěji | *jistěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *jistiji | *jistyję̇ | *jistaja |
| genitive | *jistъjixъ | *jistъjixъ | *jistъjixъ |
| dative | *jistyjimъ | *jistyjimъ | *jistyjimъ |
| accusative | *jistyję̇ | *jistyję̇ | *jistaja |
| instrumental | *jistyjimi | *jistyjimi | *jistyjimi |
| locative | *jistyjixъ | *jistyjixъ | *jistyjixъ |
| vocative | *jistiji | *jistyję̇ | *jistaja |
Synonyms
Derived terms
- *nejistъ, *nejistovъ
- *jisto / *jьsto (“property, capital”)
- *jistiti
- *jistьcь / *jьstьcь (“plaintiff”)
- *jistina / *jьstina (“truth, actuality”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
- ^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jьstъjь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 246
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*jь̀stъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 215: “adj. o (a) ‘true, genuine’”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “istъ ista isto”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 144, 146; PR 133)”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “isti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *ji̋stъ”
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “и́стый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “исти”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 90