Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kara

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Related to *karati, *korìti. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

*kara f^[1]

punishment

Declension

Declension of *kara (hard a-stem)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kara	*karě	*kary
genitive	*kary	*karu	*karъ
dative	*karě	*karama	*karamъ
accusative	*karǫ	*karě	*kary
instrumental	karojǫ, karǫ^**	*karama	*karami
locative	*karě	*karu	karasъ, karaxъ^*
vocative	*karo	*karě	*kary

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Belarusian: ка́ра (kára)
- Russian: ка́ра (kára)
- Ukrainian: ка́ра (kára)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Glagolitic script: ⰽⰰⱃⰰ (kara)
  
  Old Cyrillic script: кара (kara)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: ка̑р
  
  Latin script: kа̑r
- Slovene: kа̑r (tonal orthography)
- Macedonian: кара (kara)
West Slavic:
- Lechitic:
  - Polish: kara (“punishment”)
  - Silesian: kara (“punishment”)
  - Pomeranian:
    - Kashubian: kara (“punishment”)
- Czech: kára
- Slovak: kára

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kara”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 220: “f. ā ‘punishment’”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kara”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 220: “f. ā ‘punishment’”

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