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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Reflects the iterative Proto-Balto-Slavic *kаpā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep-. Parallel to Proto-Slavic *skopiti (“to castrate”) > Old Church Slavonic скопити (skopiti). Cognate with Latvian kapât (“to chop, hew”), Lithuanian kapóti (“to chop, hew”) and akin to Old Prussian enkopts (“buried”).
Per ESSJa, possibly superseded an earlier *kòp(je)ti (pres. 1p. sg. *kòpľǫ, attested in Slovene, Polish, Czech), cognate with Lithuanian kàpti (“to chop”), Ancient Greek κόπτω (kóptō, “to beat, to hit”).
Verb
*kopàti impf (perfective *kopnǫti)[1][2][3]
- to dig
Conjugation
Conjugation of
*kopati, *kopa, *kopľetь (
impf., -a/j-, s-aorist, accent paradigm a)
| Verbal noun
|
Infinitive
|
Supine
|
L-participle
|
| *kopanьje
|
*kopati
|
*kopatъ
|
*kopalъ
|
|
|
Participles
|
| Tense
|
Past
|
Present
|
| Passive
|
*kopanъ
|
*kopľemъ
|
| Active
|
*kopavъ
|
*kopľę
|
|
|
Aorist
|
Present
|
| Person
|
1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
| Singular
|
*kopaxъ |
*kopa |
*kopa
|
*kopľǫ |
*kopľeši |
*kopľetь
|
| Dual
|
*kopaxově |
*kopasta |
*kopaste
|
*kopľevě |
*kopľeta |
*kopľete
|
| Plural
|
*kopaxomъ |
*kopaste |
*kopašę
|
*kopľemъ |
*kopľete |
*kopľǫtь
|
|
|
Imperfect
|
Imperative
|
| Person
|
1st |
2nd |
3rd
|
1st |
2nd |
3rd
|
| Singular
|
*kopaaxъ |
*kopaaše |
*kopaaše
|
— |
*kopľi |
*kopľi
|
| Dual
|
*kopaaxově |
*kopaašeta |
*kopaašete
|
*kopľivě |
*kopľita |
—
|
| Plural
|
*kopaaxomъ |
*kopaašete |
*kopaaxǫ
|
*kopľimъ |
*kopľite |
—
|
Conjugation of
*kopati, *kopa, *kopajetь (
impf., -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm a)
| Verbal noun
|
Infinitive
|
Supine
|
L-participle
|
| *kopanьje
|
*kopati
|
*kopatъ
|
*kopalъ
|
|
|
Participles
|
| Tense
|
Past
|
Present
|
| Passive
|
*kopanъ
|
*kopajemъ
|
| Active
|
*kopavъ
|
*kopaję
|
|
|
Aorist
|
Present
|
| Person
|
1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
| Singular
|
*kopaxъ |
*kopa |
*kopa
|
*kopajǫ |
*kopaješi |
*kopajetь
|
| Dual
|
*kopaxově |
*kopasta |
*kopaste
|
*kopajevě |
*kopajeta |
*kopajete
|
| Plural
|
*kopaxomъ |
*kopaste |
*kopašę
|
*kopajemъ |
*kopajete |
*kopajǫtь
|
|
|
Imperfect
|
Imperative
|
| Person
|
1st |
2nd |
3rd
|
1st |
2nd |
3rd
|
| Singular
|
*kopaaxъ |
*kopaaše |
*kopaaše
|
— |
*kopaji |
*kopaji
|
| Dual
|
*kopaaxově |
*kopaašeta |
*kopaašete
|
*kopajivě |
*kopajita |
—
|
| Plural
|
*kopaaxomъ |
*kopaašete |
*kopaaxǫ
|
*kopajimъ |
*kopajite |
—
|
Derived terms
- *jьzkopati (“to dig up”)
- *kopa (“heap”)
- *kopačь (“digger”)
- *kopьje (“spear”)
- *kopnǫti (“to shovel”)
- *kopъ
- *jьzkopъ (“earthwork”)
- *kopьcь (“heap”)
- *okopъ (“ditch”)
- *orzkopъka (“excavation”)
- *kopylo (“young boy”)
- *kopyto (“hoof”)
- *okopati (“to trench”)
- *orzkopati (“to excavate”)
- *otъkopati (“to dig out”)
- *perkopati (“to dig again”)
- *vъkopati (“to imbed”)
- *vykopati (“to unearth”)
- *zakopati (“to bury”)
- *čepъ (“tap”) (possibly)
- *čepakъ (“lid”)
- *čepьcь (“cap”)
- *čepъka (“cluster”)
- *čěpati (“to chop, to peck”)
- *čěpatъ (“gnarly”)
- *čьpľjěti (“to scrape”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: копати (kopati)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic script: копати (kopati)
- Glagolitic script: ⰽⱁⱂⰰⱅⰻ (kopati)
- Bulgarian: копа́я (kopája) (standard), ко́пам (kópam) (colloquial)
- Macedonian: копа (kopa)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic script: ко̀пати
- Latin script: kòpati
- Slovene: kópati, kopáti (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “копать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1984), “*kopati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 11 (*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)), Moscow: Nauka, page 18
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “копая, копвам, копна”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 610
References
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kopàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 233: “v. ‘dig’”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “kopati: kopajǫ kopajetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a grave (PR 134)”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “kopáti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*kopa̋ti”