Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/oko

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Early Proto-Slavic *aka,^[1] from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ak-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”).^[2]

Noun

*ȍko n^[2]

eye

Inflection

Declension of *ȍko (s-stem, accent paradigm c)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ȍko	*ȍčesi	*očesà
genitive	*ȍčese	*očesù	*očèsъ
dative	*ȍčesi	*očesьmà	*očèsьmъ
accusative	*ȍko	*ȍčesi	*očesà
instrumental	*ȍčesьmь	*očesьmà	*očesý
locative	*ȍčese	*očesù	*očèsьxъ
vocative	*ȍko	*ȍčesi	*očesà

Declension of *ȍko (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ȍko	*ȍcě	*okà
genitive	*ȍka	*okù	*òkъ
dative	*ȍku	*okomà	*okòmъ
accusative	*ȍko	*ȍcě	*okà
instrumental	ȍkъmь, ȍkomь^*	*okomà	*oký
locative	*ȍcě	*okù	*ocě̃xъ
vocative	*ȍko	*ȍcě	*okà

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Declension of *ȍči (i-stem, accent paradigm c)
	dual
nominative	*ȍči
genitive	očьjù, oču^*
dative	*očьmà
accusative	*ȍči
instrumental	*očьmà
locative	očьjù, oču^*
vocative	*ȍči

^* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

In addition to the above declensions, there were i-stem dual forms. Old Church Slavic has an o-stem singular, i-stem dual, and s-stem plural, while Russian has an o-stem singular, and an i-stem plural derived from the old dual.

Derived terms

*okъno (“window”)
*obačiti (“to watch”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: око (oko)
  - Old Ruthenian: о́ко (óko), во́ко (vóko)
    - Belarusian: во́ка (vóka)
    - Carpathian Rusyn: о́ко (óko), во́ко (vóko)
    - Ukrainian: о́ко (óko), (dialectal) во́ко (vóko), го́ко (hóko)
  - Russian: о́ко (óko) (dated, archaic)
- Old Novgorodian: око (oko)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: око (oko)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⱁⰽⱁ (oko)
- Bulgarian: око́ (okó); о́ко (óko), уко́ (ukó), о́ку (óku) (dialectal)
- Macedonian: око (oko); о́ку (óku), уко́ту (ukótu) (dialectal)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: о̏ко
  
  Latin script: ȍko
- Old Slovene: oko, okù
  - Slovene: okọ̑; wóq, oko, ạ̏ku, 'uko, voka, akuó, öku (dialectal)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: oko
  - Czech: oko
- Old Polish: oko
  - Polish: oko
  - Silesian: ôko
- Old Slovak: oko
  - Pannonian Rusyn: око (oko)
  - Slovak: oko; joko (dialectal)
- Polabian: våťü
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: òkò
  - Slovincian: wôkô
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: woko
  - Lower Sorbian: woko

Non-Slavic:
- → Hungarian: Aka (toponym)

References

^ Klotz, Emanuel (2017) “*aka «oko»”, in Urslawisches Wörterbuch [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in German), 1st edition, Wien: Facultas, →ISBN, page 57
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*ȍko”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365

[1] Klotz, Emanuel (2017) “*aka «oko»”, in Urslawisches Wörterbuch [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in German), 1st edition, Wien: Facultas, →ISBN, page 57

[EDSIL-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*ȍko”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365

[1]

[2]