Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/pьkъlъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative reconstructions

*pьklъ^[1]

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *píkis, *píkulas, possibly borrowed from Germanic or Latin. Cognate with Old Prussian pyculs (“hell”) (possibly a Polish borrowing) and akin to Latvian piķis (“pitch”), Lithuanian pi̇̀kis (“pitch”) (sometimes considered Germanic borrowings); Ancient Greek πίσσα (píssa, “pitch”), Latin pix (“pitch”).

Most modern descendants reflect meaning “hell, inferno”. This is a semantic loan from cognate Old High German peh (“pitch; misfortune, damnation”).

Noun

*pьkъ̀lъ m^[2]^[3]

pitch, resin
Synonym: *smola

Alternative forms

*pьkъlo n
*pьcьlъ (with effects of Slavic progressive palatalization)

Declension

Declension of *pьkъ̀lъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pьkъ̀lъ	*pьkъlà	*pьkъlì
genitive	*pьkъlà	*pьkъlù	*pьkъ̀lъ
dative	*pьkъlù	*pьkъlòma	*pьkъlòmъ
accusative	*pьkъ̀lъ	*pьkъlà	*pьkъlỳ
instrumental	pьkъlъ̀mь, pьkъlòmь^*	*pьkъlòma	*pьkъ̀ly
locative	*pьkъlě̀	*pьkъlù	*pьkъ̀lěxъ
vocative	*pьkъle	*pьkъlà	*pьkъlì

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

verbs

*pьkъliti (causative-itreative)

nouns

*pьkъlica
*pьkъlina

adjectives

*pьkъlenъ
*pьkъlьskъ

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: пькълъ (pĭkŭlŭ)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: пькълъ (pĭkŭlŭ), пьклъ (pĭklŭ), пьцьлъ (pĭcĭlŭ)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⱂⱐⰽⱏⰾⱏ (pĭkŭlŭ)
  - Church Slavonic (Russian recension): пькълъ m (pĭkŭlŭ)
- Bulgarian: пъ́къл (pǎ́kǎl); пе́кол (pékol), пъке́л (pǎkél), пъкя́л (pǎkjál) (dialectal)
- Macedonian: пе́кол (pékol)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: па̀као
  
  Latin script: pàkao
  - Chakavian (Hvar): pakȏl
  - Chakavian (Novi): pakál
  - Chakavian (Orbanići): pakãl
  - Chakavian (Vrgada): pakå̃
- Slovene: pəkə̀ł (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Polish: piekieł, pkieł

Non-Slavic:
- → Romanian: pâclă (“fog, mud”)
- → Hungarian: pokol

References

^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “pьklъ pьkla”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b hell (NA 114)”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pьcьlъ; *pьkъlъ; *pьkъlo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 426: “(b) ‘pitch, hell’”
^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “pekel”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *pьkъlъ̏”

Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “пе́кло”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (2002), “пъкъл”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 6 (пỳскам – словàр²), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 41
Gluhak, Alemko (1993) “pakao”, in Hrvatski etimološki rječnik [Croatian Etymology Dictionary] (in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb: August Cesarec, →ISBN, page 463
Derksen, Rick (2015) “pikis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355

[1] Olander, Thomas (2001) “pьklъ pьkla”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b hell (NA 114)”

[2] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pьcьlъ; *pьkъlъ; *pьkъlo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 426: “(b) ‘pitch, hell’”

[3] Snoj, Marko (2016) “pekel”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *pьkъlъ̏”

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