Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yẹl

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*yẹ̄l
*yēl
*yel

Reconstruction notes

Reconstructing vowel length proves difficult for this root. Reflexes contradict each other concerning the vowel length and both short and long voweled variants can be seen attested even in the same language (e.g. in Old Turkic, Khalaj, Karluk languages etc.)
Oldest attestations feature both open-e (é) and closed-e (e/ä) variants, which one was the original cannot be truly ascertained from the available data.

Etymology

Unknown. Possibly related to Old Uyghur 𐰘𐰃𐰠 (y²il², “mane”) and Karakhanid یَلِغْ (yalïğ, “comb of a rooster”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*yẹl

wind, gust

Declension

Declension of *yẹl
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*yẹl
accusative	yẹlig, yẹlni¹⁾
genitive	*yẹlniŋ
dative	*yẹlke
locative	*yẹlte
ablative	*yẹlten
allative	*yẹlgerü
instrumental ²⁾	*yẹlin
equative ²⁾	*yẹlče
similative ²⁾	*yẹlleyü
comitative ²⁾	*yẹlligü

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur: *ǰēl
- Proto-Bulgar: *č́ēl
  - Danube Bulgar: *sēl ~ śēl
    - → Old Hungarian: ſeel (sēl, *śēl)
      - Hungarian: szél
  - Volga Bulgar: *?
    - Old Chuvash: *śēl
      - Chuvash: ҫил (śil)
    - → Proto-Permic: *śu̇l (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Common Turkic: *yẹl ~ *yẹ̄l

Arghu:
- Khalaj: yel (/⁠jɛˑl/, /jeːl⁠/)
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: یل (yẹl), ییل
  - Azerbaijani: yel
  - Gagauz: el
  - Ottoman Turkish: یل (yel), ییل
    - Turkish: yel
- Salar: yel
- Turkmen: ýel
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: یَلْ (yel)
  - Chagatai: ییل (yel)
    - Uyghur: يەل (yel)
    - Uzbek: yel
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Tatar: җил (cil), cil
  - Bashkir: ел (yel)
- Kipchak-Cuman:
  - Crimean Tatar: yel, ель
  - Karachay-Balkar: жел (jel), джел (cel)
  - Karaim: йэль
  - Kumyk: ел (yel)
- Kipchak-Nogai:
  - Kazakh: жел (jel)
  - Nogai: ел (yel)
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: жел (jel)
  - Southern Altai: јел (ǰel)
Siberian:
- Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 (yyyl /⁠yél, yḗl, yiél⁠/)
  - →⇒ Classical Mongolian: ᠳᠡᠯᠢ
    ᠰᠤᠯᠠ (deli sula, “worthless, unnecessary”)
  - →⇒? Mongolian: дэл (del, “mane”)
  - Western Yugur: jel (yel, “wind”)
    - ⇒ Western Yugur: jelə (yelï, “horse mane”)
- South Siberian:
  - Yenisei:
    - Khakas: чил (çil)
    - Shor: чел (čel)
  - Northern Altai: йел (yel)

References

Agyágasi, Klára (2019) Chuvash Historical Phonetics (Turcologica; 117), Wiesbaden: Harrssowitz, page 102
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “yé:l”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 916-917
Róna-Tas, András, Berta, Árpád, Károly, László (2011) “SZÉL [sēl]”, in West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian (Turcologica; 84), volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, pages 785-787