𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁
Old Uyghur
| Uyghur script | 𐽶𐽶𐾁 (yyl /yél, yil/) 𐽶𐽰𐾁 (yʾl /yel/) 𐽶𐾁 (yl /yél/) 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 (yyyyl /yiéél, yiḗl/) 𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yyr /yé[l], yi[l]/)[1] |
|---|---|
| Orkhon script | 𐰘𐰃𐰠 (y²il² /yil/)[2] |
| Manichaean script | 𐫏𐫏𐫓 (yyl /yél/) |
| Sogdian script | *𐼷𐼷𐽄 (*yyl /*yél/)[3] |
| Brahmi script | 𑀬𑁂𑀮𑁆 (yel /yél/) 𑀬𑁆𑀮𑀺 (yli /yil, yél/) |
| Han script | 影 (ʔjaengX /yi[l], yé[l], ye[l]/)[4] |
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yẹl ~ *yẹ̄l (“wind”). Cognate with Karakhanid یَلْ (/yél/).
Noun
𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 (yyyl /yél, yil, yḗl, yiél/)
- wind, gust, air
- Synonyms: 𐽰𐽰𐽷𐽰𐽽𐽰 (ʾʾkʾcʾ /akaš/), 𐽰𐽻𐽶𐽺 (ʾsyn /esin/), 𐽰𐽶𐾁𐽷𐽳𐽺 (ʾylkwn /ilgün/)
- (meteorology) unweather, strong wind, hurricane, borea, snow storm, blizzard
- Synonyms: 𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽰𐽺 (pwrʾn /buran/), 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽼𐽶 (twypy /tüpi/), 𐽲𐽰𐽸 (qʾd /ḳad/)
- (religion) spirit
- Synonym: 𐾀𐽳𐾀𐽹𐽰𐽲 (twtmʾq /tutmaḳ/)
- c. 13th-14th centuries, Dabamïn Ḥatun (𐼹𐼱𐼰𐼺𐼻 𐼶𐼰𐽂𐼴𐼻), Credo U5538.04-08 (v04-08, fragments 1 and 2):[5]
- 𐾀𐽳𐽲𐽰 𐽼𐾁𐽷𐽳𐽾𐽳
𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽲𐽸𐽶 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 𐽶𐾁
𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽽𐽶𐽺𐽸𐽰𐽺 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 𐽲𐽶𐽴
𐽹𐽾𐽸 𐽹𐽶𐽾𐽶𐽹 𐾀𐽰𐽺 𐽽𐽰
𐽰𐽹𐽷𐽰𐽷 𐽰𐽹𐽷𐽺𐽸𐽶 𐽼𐽶𐽴- twqʾ plkwrw
yrlqdy ʾʾryq yl
kwycyndʾn ʾʾryq qyz
mrd myrym tʾn cʾ
ʾmkʾk ʾmkndy pyz - / […] tuġa belgürü
yarlïḳadï arïġ yél
küčinten arïġ ḳïz
Mard Méryem tanča
emgek emgendi biz […] / - [God] deigned her to be born and to appear through the power of the Holy Spirit[6] with the body of the pure Virgin, Saint Mary, and for her we toiled […]
- twqʾ plkwrw
- 𐾀𐽳𐽲𐽰 𐽼𐾁𐽷𐽳𐽾𐽳
Declension
| singular | definite plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 (yyyl) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾 (yyyllʾr) |
| genitive | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (yyylnynk) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (yyyllʾrnynk) |
| dative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽷𐽰 (yyylkʾ) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (yyyllʾrkʾ) |
| accusative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽷 (yyylyk), 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽺𐽶 (yyylny) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽷 (yyyllʾryk), 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (yyyllʾrny) |
| locative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽸𐽰 (yyyldʾ) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽰 (yyyllʾrdʾ) |
| ablative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽸𐽶𐽺 (yyyldyn) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽶𐽺 (yyyllʾrdyn) |
| instrumental | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽺 (yyylyn) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (yyyllʾryn) |
| equative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽽𐽰 (yyylcʾ) | |
| directive | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (yyylkʾrw), 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽾𐽰 (yyylrʾ) | |
| similative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (yyyllʾyw) |
Compound terms
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 𐽰𐽶𐽷 (yyyl ʾyk /yiél ig/, “rheumatism”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽼𐽶 (yyyl twypy /yiél tüpi/, “snowstorm”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 𐾀𐽶𐾁𐽷𐽰𐽺𐽶 (yyyl tylkʾny /yiél tilgeni/, “wind vane, weather vane, pinwheel”) (used in meditations)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶𐽻𐽶 (yyyl tnkrysy /yiél teŋrisi/, “the god of wind”)
Derived terms
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (yyylʾyw /yiéleyü/, “illusory, imaginary, magical”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽰𐽺𐽷 (yyylʾnk /yiéleŋ/, “windy”) (said of places)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽱𐽶 (yyylβy /yélvi/, “magic, illusion, imaginary things, irrealis”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽳 (yyylw /yiélü/, “strand of rope used to hang small animals”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽳 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽰𐽺 (yyylw kwykʾn /yiélü kögen/, “rainbow”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽼𐽶𐽷 (yyylpyk /yiélpik/, “dwarf demons, apparition”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽼𐽶𐽷𐽳 (yyylpykw /yiélpikü/, “hand fan, duster; halo, nimbus”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽼𐽶𐽹𐽰𐽷 (yyylpymʾk /yiélpimek/, “to use a hand fan”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾀𐽶𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷 (yyyltyrmʾk /yiéltirmek/, “to blow”)
Descendants
- →⇒ Classical Mongolian: ᠳᠡᠯᠢ
ᠰᠤᠯᠠ (deli sula, “worthless, unnecessary”) - →⇒? Mongolian: дэл (del, “mane”)
- Western Yugur: jel (yel, “wind”)
- ⇒ Western Yugur: jelə (yelï, “horse mane”)
References
- ^ Most likely a misspelling. Substituting lesh (𐾁) for resh (𐽾) either reflects a specific dialect of the author or a heavy Sogdian influence.
- ^ Attested only once, with the meaning of "mane".
- ^ Attested as 𐼷𐼷 (yy /yé.../), with the folio torn off at the end.
- ^ Attested as 影必孤 (ʔjaengX.pjit.ku /yé[l]pikü/, “hand fan”).
- ^ https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u5538seite1.jpg
- ^ Literally, “pure spirit”.
- Caferoğlu, Ahmet (1968) “yil, yiil”, in Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 260) (in Turkish), Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, page 296
- Clauson, Gerard (1972) “1 yé:l”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 916-917
- Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), “JEL I, JEL II”, in Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, page 254
- Wilkens, Jens (2021) “(1) yel”, in Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen (in German), Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, pages 885-886
- Yunusoğlu, Mağfiret Kemal (2012) Uygurca-Çince İdikut Sözlüğü[1] (in Turkish), Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, →ISBN, page 86
- Zieme, Peter (2015) Altuigurische Texte der Kirche des Ostens aus Zentralasien (Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies; 41) (in German), →ISBN, page 44