Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/arbaidōn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *arbaidōną, equivalent to *arbaiþi (“hardship”) +‎ *-ōn.

Verb

*arbaidōn

to work, labour
to toil

Inflection

Class 2 weak
Infinitive	*arbaidōn
1st sg. past	*arbaidōdā
Infinitive	*arbaidōn
Genitive infin.	*arbaidōnijas
Dative infin.	*arbaidōnijē
Instrum. infin.	*arbaidōniju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*arbaidō	*arbaidōdā
2nd singular	*arbaidōs	arbaidōdēs, arbaidōdōs
3rd singular	*arbaidōþ	arbaidōdē, arbaidōdā
1st plural	*arbaidōm	*arbaidōdum
2nd plural	*arbaidōþ	*arbaidōdud
3rd plural	*arbaidōnþ	*arbaidōdun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*arbaidō	*arbaidōdī
2nd singular	*arbaidōs	*arbaidōdī
3rd singular	*arbaidō	*arbaidōdī
1st plural	*arbaidōm	*arbaidōdīm
2nd plural	*arbaidōþ	*arbaidōdīd
3rd plural	*arbaidōn	*arbaidōdīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*arbaidō
Plural	*arbaidōþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*arbaidōndī	*arbaidōd

Related terms

*arbaidijan

Descendants

Old English: earfodian
Old Frisian: arbêdia
- North Frisian:
  - Sylt: maaki
- Saterland Frisian: oarbaidje
- West Frisian: arbeidzje
Old Saxon: arvidōn
- Middle Low German: arbeiden (merged with the descendant of *arbaidijan)
  - Low German: arbeiden
    - → Danish: arbejde
    - → Faroese: arbeiða
    - → Norwegian: arbeide, arbeida
    - → Old Swedish: arbeida, arbeta
      - Swedish: arbeta
Old High German: arabeitōn, arbeitōn
- Middle High German: arebeiten, arbeiten (merged with the descendant of *arbaidijan)
  - Bavarian: arwadn, arweddn, oaweddn, orbeita
    Cimbrian: arbatn, èrbatan (Sette Comuni)
  - Kölsch: arbigge
  - German: arbeiten
  - Yiddish: אַרבעטן (arbetn)