Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *arbaidiją, *arbaidiz (“labour, work, hardship”) +‎ *-ōną.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈˈɑr.βɑi̯.ðɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*arbaidōną^[1]

to work, to labour
to toil

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*arbaidō	*arbaidǭ	—	*arbaidōi	?
2nd singular	*arbaidōsi	*arbaidōs	*arbaidō	*arbaidōsai	*arbaidōsau
3rd singular	*arbaidōþi	*arbaidō	*arbaidōþau	*arbaidōþai	*arbaidōþau
1st dual	*arbaidōs	*arbaidōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*arbaidōþiz	*arbaidōþiz	*arbaidōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*arbaidōmaz	*arbaidōm	—	*arbaidōnþai	*arbaidōnþau
2nd plural	*arbaidōþ	*arbaidōþ	*arbaidōþ	*arbaidōnþai	*arbaidōnþau
3rd plural	*arbaidōnþi	*arbaidōn	*arbaidōnþau	*arbaidōnþai	*arbaidōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*arbaidōdǭ	*arbaidōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*arbaidōdēz	*arbaidōdēdīz
3rd singular	*arbaidōdē	*arbaidōdēdī
1st dual	*arbaidōdēdū	*arbaidōdēdīw
2nd dual	*arbaidōdēdudiz	*arbaidōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*arbaidōdēdum	*arbaidōdēdīm
2nd plural	*arbaidōdēdud	*arbaidōdēdīd
3rd plural	*arbaidōdēdun	*arbaidōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*arbaidōndz	*arbaidōdaz

Related terms

*arbaidijaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *arbaidōn
- Old English: earfodian
- Old Frisian: arbêdia
  - North Frisian:
    - Sylt: maaki
  - Saterland Frisian: oarbaidje
  - West Frisian: arbeidzje
- Old Saxon: arvidōn
  - Middle Low German: arbeiden (merged with the descendant of *arbaidijan)
    - Low German: arbeiden
      - → Danish: arbejde
      - → Faroese: arbeiða
      - → Norwegian: arbeide, arbeida
      - → Old Swedish: arbeida, arbeta
        Swedish: arbeta
- Old High German: arabeitōn, arbeitōn
  - Middle High German: arebeiten, arbeiten (merged with the descendant of *arbaidijan)
    - Bavarian: arwadn, arweddn, oaweddn, orbeita
      Cimbrian: arbatn, èrbatan (Sette Comuni)
    - Kölsch: arbigge
    - German: arbeiten
    - Yiddish: אַרבעטן (arbetn)
Old Norse: erfiða
- Icelandic: erfiða

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*arbaidōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 22

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*arbaidōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 22

[1]