Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hramu

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *hramō (“frame, cross”), whence *hramjaną (“to frame”), possibly cognate with Proto-Slavic *krōmà (“edge, boundary”).

Noun

*hramu f

(construction) (timber) frame
framework, support

Inflection

ō-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*hramu
Genitive	*hramā
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*hramu	*hramō
Accusative	*hramā	*hramā
Genitive	*hramā	*hramō
Dative	*hramē	hramōm, hramum
Instrumental	*hramu	hramōm, hramum

Alternative reconstructions

*hramm, *hrammā^[1]
*hramō^[2]
*ramu^[3]

Derived terms

*hramōn (“to frame, build a framework”)
- Old Frisian: ramia, remia, *hramia, *hremia

Descendants

Old Frisian: *hrame, *hrama
- Saterland Frisian: Roome
- West Frisian: raam
- ⇒ Old Frisian: hramkorf, raemkorf (“basket-shaped fishing net”) (raemkorf perhaps influenced by Middle Dutch raem)
Old Saxon: hrama, rama f
- Middle Low German: rāme, rām, rāmen m
  - German Low German: Raam, Rahm, Räm n, Rahmen, Rame, Ramen m
  - Plautdietsch: Rämen m
  - → Danish: ramme
  - → Estonian: raam
  - → Faroese: ramma
  - → Icelandic: ramma
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: ramme
  - → Norwegian Nynorsk: ramme
  - → Old Swedish: rama
    - Swedish: ram
  - → Scanian: ramme
Old Dutch: *rama
- Middle Dutch: rāme, raem, raam m or f
  - Dutch: raam, ramen
  - → English: rame
  - → Old French: raime
    - Middle French: ranme
      - French: rame
  - ⇒ Middle Dutch: geraemte, geremte
    - Dutch: geraamte
      - Afrikaans: geraamte
      - → West Frisian: ramt, raamt
      - → German: Geraamte, Geraamt (dialectal)
    - Limburgish: geraems, jerems
Old High German: rama, ram m or f
- > Middle High German: rame, ram (inherited)
  - Alemannic German: Ramme
  - German: Rahmen m, Ramen, Rahme, Rame (obsolete)
    - → Czech: rám
    - → Romanian: ramă
    - → Russian: рама (rama)
  - Luxembourgish: Rumm
  - Vilamovian: raom
  - → Old Polish: rama, ram
    - Polish: rama
      - → Belarusian: ра́ма (ráma)
      - → Kashubian: rama
      - → Russian: ра́ма (ráma)
        → Azerbaijani: rama
        → Ingush: рама (rama)
        → Yakut: араама (araama)
      - → Ukrainian: ра́ма (ráma)
    - Silesian: rama, rōma
>? Vulgar Latin: *frama
- Old French: frame
  - →? Middle English: frame
    - English: frame
    - ⇒ Middle English: framen (“to frame (a building)”)
      - English: frame

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrammaz ~ *xrammōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hraman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 242
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ramō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 297

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrammaz ~ *xrammōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hraman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 242

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ramō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 297

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