barr

See also: Barr, Bärr, barr-, bàrr, and bárr

English

Etymology 1

From French barrir (“to trumpet; to make the sound of an elephant”), from Old French barrire, from Late Latin barriō, from Latin barrus (“elephant”).

Verb

barr (third-person singular simple present barrs, present participle barring, simple past and past participle barred)

  1. (obsolete) To make the sound of an elephant.
    • 1737, François Rabelais, translated by Thomas Urquhart, The Complete Works of Doctor François Rabelais:
      He gave us also the example of the Philosopher, who, when he thought most seriously to have withdrawn himself unto a solitary Privacy, far from the rufling Clutterments of the tumultuous and confused World, the better to improve his Theory, to contrive, comment, and ratiocinate, was, notwithstanding his uttermost Endeavours to free himself from all untowards Noises, surrounded and environ'd about so with the barking of Curs, howling of Wolves, neighing of Horses, bleating of Sheep, barring of Elephants, hissing of Serpents, braying of Asses, chirping of Grasshoppers, cooing of Turtles […]

Etymology 2

See bar.

Noun

barr (countable and uncountable, plural barrs)

  1. Obsolete spelling of bar.

Verb

barr (third-person singular simple present barrs, present participle barring, simple past and past participle barred)

  1. Obsolete spelling of bar.

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse barr, from Proto-Germanic *baraz.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /parː/
  • Rhymes: -arː

Noun

barr n (genitive singular barrs, no plural)

  1. pine needles

Declension

Declension of barr (sg-only neuter)
singular
indefinite definite
nominative barr barrið
accusative barr barrið
dative barri barrinu
genitive barrs barrsins

Derived terms

Irish

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bˠɑːɾˠ/[1], /bˠaːɾˠ/[2]

Etymology 1

From Old Irish barr (“top”),[3] from Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Middle Welsh barr), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr or barr, nominative plural barra)

  1. tip, head, point
  2. top; summit
  3. surface
  4. (agriculture) crop, yield
  5. crest (of wavelength)
Declension
Declension of barr (first declension)
bare forms
singular plural
nominative barr barra
vocative a bhairr a bharra
genitive bairr barr
dative barr barra
forms with the definite article
singular plural
nominative an barr na barra
genitive an bhairr na mbarr
dative leis an mbarr
don bharr 		leis na barra
Alternative declension
Declension of barr (fourth declension)
bare forms
singular plural
nominative barr barra
vocative a bharr a bharra
genitive barr barra
dative barr barra
forms with the definite article
singular plural
nominative an barr na barra
genitive an bharr na mbarra
dative leis an mbarr
don bharr 		leis na barra
Derived terms
  • ar barr do ghoib (“on the tip of one’s tongue”)
  • ar barr do theanga
  • ar bharr (“on top of; completely”)
  • bain barr de (“vie with”)
  • barr ar (“in excess of”)
  • barr bua (“supremacy, victory”)
  • barr cátha (“oat-husk tea”)
  • barr láin
  • barr margaidh (“cash crop”)
  • barr taoide (“high tide”)
  • barr- (“topped”)
  • barraicín- (“tiptoe”)
  • beir barr (“surpass, overcome”)
  • bun agus barr (“the whole essence”)
  • bun barr (“completely”)
  • cé dhá bharr (“why?”)
  • dá bharr (“gained”)
  • dá bharr sin (“consequently”)
  • de bharr (“because of”)
  • de bharr ar (“in addition to; in preference to”)
  • de bharr go (“because”)
  • dul i mbarr (“deprive”)
  • i mbarr d'anama (“with all one’s strength”)
  • i mbarr do chéille (“out of one’s senses”)
  • ó bhun go barr (“completely, from top to bottom”)
  • príomhbharr (“main crop”)
  • tabhair ar barr (“bring up, mention”)
  • tabhair barr (“surpass, excel”)
  • thar barr (“excellent, exceedingly”)
  • thar barr amach (“outright, completely”)
  • uchtbharr (“parapet”)
  • cafarr (“helmet, headpiece; kerchief”)

Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)

  1. (transitive) top
Conjugation
conjugation of barr (first conjugation – A)
verbal noun barradh
past participle barrtha
tense singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative
present barraim barrann tú;
barrair† 		barrann sé, sí barraimid barrann sibh barrann siad;
barraid† 		a bharrann; a bharras /
a mbarrann* 		barrtar
past bharr mé; bharras bharr tú; bharrais bharr sé, sí bharramar; bharr muid bharr sibh; bharrabhair bharr siad; bharradar a bharr /
ar bharr* 		barradh
past habitual bharrainn / mbarrainn‡‡ bharrtá / mbarrtᇇ bharradh sé, sí / mbarradh sé, s퇇 bharraimis; bharradh muid / mbarraimis‡‡; mbarradh muid‡‡ bharradh sibh / mbarradh sibh‡‡ bharraidís; bharradh siad / mbarraidís‡‡; mbarradh siad‡‡ a bharradh /
a mbarradh* 		bharrtaí / mbarrta퇇
future barrfaidh mé;
barrfad 		barrfaidh tú;
barrfair† 		barrfaidh sé, sí barrfaimid;
barrfaidh muid 		barrfaidh sibh barrfaidh siad;
barrfaid† 		a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas /
a mbarrfaidh* 		barrfar
conditional bharrfainn / mbarrfainn‡‡ bharrfá / mbarrfᇇ bharrfadh sé, sí / mbarrfadh sé, s퇇 bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid / mbarrfaimis‡‡; mbarrfadh muid‡‡ bharrfadh sibh / mbarrfadh sibh‡‡ bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad / mbarrfaidís‡‡; mbarrfadh siad‡‡ a bharrfadh /
a mbarrfadh* 		bharrfaí / mbarrfa퇇
subjunctive
present go mbarra mé;
go mbarrad† 		go mbarra tú;
go mbarrair† 		go mbarra sé, sí go mbarraimid;
go mbarra muid 		go mbarra sibh go mbarra siad;
go mbarraid† 		— go mbarrtar
past dá mbarrainn dá mbarrtá dá mbarradh sé, sí dá mbarraimis;
dá mbarradh muid 		dá mbarradh sibh dá mbarraidís;
dá mbarradh siad 		— dá mbarrtaí
imperative
– barraim barr barradh sé, sí barraimis barraigí;
barraidh† 		barraidís — barrtar

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Etymology 2

From Old French barre, barrer. Compare English bar.

Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr)

  1. bar, hindrance
Declension
Declension of barr (first declension, no plural)
bare forms
singular
nominative barr
vocative a bhairr
genitive bairr
dative barr
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative an barr
genitive an bhairr
dative leis an mbarr
don bharr

Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)

  1. (transitive) bar, hinder
Conjugation
conjugation of barr (first conjugation – A)
verbal noun barradh
past participle barrtha
tense singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative
present barraim barrann tú;
barrair† 		barrann sé, sí barraimid barrann sibh barrann siad;
barraid† 		a bharrann; a bharras /
a mbarrann* 		barrtar
past bharr mé; bharras bharr tú; bharrais bharr sé, sí bharramar; bharr muid bharr sibh; bharrabhair bharr siad; bharradar a bharr /
ar bharr* 		barradh
past habitual bharrainn / mbarrainn‡‡ bharrtá / mbarrtᇇ bharradh sé, sí / mbarradh sé, s퇇 bharraimis; bharradh muid / mbarraimis‡‡; mbarradh muid‡‡ bharradh sibh / mbarradh sibh‡‡ bharraidís; bharradh siad / mbarraidís‡‡; mbarradh siad‡‡ a bharradh /
a mbarradh* 		bharrtaí / mbarrta퇇
future barrfaidh mé;
barrfad 		barrfaidh tú;
barrfair† 		barrfaidh sé, sí barrfaimid;
barrfaidh muid 		barrfaidh sibh barrfaidh siad;
barrfaid† 		a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas /
a mbarrfaidh* 		barrfar
conditional bharrfainn / mbarrfainn‡‡ bharrfá / mbarrfᇇ bharrfadh sé, sí / mbarrfadh sé, s퇇 bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid / mbarrfaimis‡‡; mbarrfadh muid‡‡ bharrfadh sibh / mbarrfadh sibh‡‡ bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad / mbarrfaidís‡‡; mbarrfadh siad‡‡ a bharrfadh /
a mbarrfadh* 		bharrfaí / mbarrfa퇇
subjunctive
present go mbarra mé;
go mbarrad† 		go mbarra tú;
go mbarrair† 		go mbarra sé, sí go mbarraimid;
go mbarra muid 		go mbarra sibh go mbarra siad;
go mbarraid† 		— go mbarrtar
past dá mbarrainn dá mbarrtá dá mbarradh sé, sí dá mbarraimis;
dá mbarradh muid 		dá mbarradh sibh dá mbarraidís;
dá mbarradh siad 		— dá mbarrtaí
imperative
– barraim barr barradh sé, sí barraimis barraigí;
barraidh† 		barraidís — barrtar

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Mutated forms of barr
radical lenition eclipsis
barr bharr mbarr

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 101, page 56
  2. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 267, page 95
  3. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 barr”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Further reading

  • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) “bárr”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 80; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “barr”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “barr”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
  • “barr”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2025

Maltese

Root
b-r-r
3 terms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /barr/

Etymology 1

From Arabic بَرّ (barr).

Noun

barr m

  1. wilderness

Etymology 2

Onomatopoeic.

Verb

barr (imperfect jborr)

  1. to coo (make a coo sound)
Conjugation
Conjugation of barr (Form I)
positive forms
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
perfect m barrejt barrejt barr barrejna barrejtu barrew
f barret
imperfect m nborr tborr jborr nborru tborru jborru
f tborr
imperative borr borru
negative forms
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
perfect m barrejtx barrejtx barrx barrejniex barrejtux barrewx
f barritx
imperfect m nborrx tborrx jborrx nborrux tborrux jborrux
f tborrx
imperative tborrx tborrux

Middle Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Irish barr), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bar/

Noun

barr m (plural barriau)

  1. top
  2. summit, crest

Descendants

  • Welsh: bar

Mutation

Mutated forms of barr
radical soft nasal aspirate
barr uarr / varr marr unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Middle Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Middle Welsh barr), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [bar͈]

Noun

barr m (genitive bairr)

  1. tip
  2. top

Declension

Masculine o-stem
singular dual plural
nominative barr barrL bairrL
vocative bairr barrL barruH
accusative barrN barrL barruH
genitive bairrL barr barrN
dative barrL barraib barraib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

  • cathbarr (“battle helmet”)

Descendants

Mutation

Mutation of barr
radical lenition nasalization
barr barr
pronounced with /β-/		 mbarr

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *baraz.

Noun

barr n

  1. acicular leaves, needles (of the fir or pine)
  2. barley

Derived terms

  • barraxlaðr (“high-shouldered, with sharp, prominent shoulderbones”)
  • barrhaddaðr (“leafy-haired (used of the earth)”)
  • barrviðr (“pine-forest; the wood of the fir”)

Descendants

Further reading

  • Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “barr”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 42; also available at the Internet Archive

Romani

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit *वर्त (*varta, “round stone”).[1][2]

Noun

barr m (nominative plural barra)

  1. (International Standard) stone,[2][3] rock[3]

Derived terms

  • barrorro
  • barrutno

References

  1. ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*varta3”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 661
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “bař”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 22b
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Marcel Courthiade (2009) “o barr, -es- m. -a, -en-”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 75ab

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse barr.

Pronunciation

  • Hyphenation: barr

Noun

barr n

  1. needle; leaf of a coniferous tree
    tallbarr
    pine needle
  2. (dated, slang, uncountable) hair

Declension

Declension of barr
nominative genitive
singular indefinite barr barrs
definite barret barrets
plural indefinite barr barrs
definite barren barrens

Hyponyms

See also

Noun

barr c

  1. (gymnastics) parallel bars

Declension

Declension of barr
nominative genitive
singular indefinite barr barrs
definite barren barrens
plural indefinite barrar barrars
definite barrarna barrarnas

References

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