cruaigh

Irish

Alternative forms

  • cruadhuigh (obsolete)

Etymology

From Old Irish crúadaigid. By surface analysis, crua +‎ -igh.

Verb

cruaigh (present analytic cruann, future analytic cruafaidh, verbal noun cruachan, past participle cruaite)

  1. (ambitransitive) to harden, stiffen, toughen, toughen up
  2. (intransitive) to set (solidify), firm up (become firmer in consistency), congeal
    Synonyms: stalc, téacht
  3. (intransitive) to harden (become less sensitive), grow callous
    Chruaigh a chroí.
    His heart hardened, he grew hard-hearted
  4. (intransitive) to become hard, difficult
    Chruaigh an saol le linn an chogaidh.
    Life became hard during the war.

Conjugation

conjugation of cruaigh (first conjugation – C)
verbal noun cruachan
past participle cruaite
tense singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative
present cruaim cruann tú;
cruair† 		cruann sé, sí cruaimid cruann sibh cruann siad;
cruaid† 		a chruann; a chruas /
a gcruann* 		cruaitear
past chruaigh mé; chruas chruaigh tú;
chruais 		chruaigh sé, sí chruamar; chruaigh muid chruaigh sibh; chruabhair chruaigh siad; chruadar a chruaigh /
ar chruaigh* 		cruadh
past habitual chruainn / gcruainn‡‡ chruaiteá / gcruaiteᇇ chruadh sé, sí / gcruadh sé, s퇇 chruaimis; chruadh muid / gcruaimis‡‡; gcruadh muid‡‡ chruadh sibh / gcruadh sibh‡‡ chruaidís; chruadh siad / gcruaidís‡‡; gcruadh siad‡‡ a chruadh /
a gcruadh* 		chruaití / gcruait퇇
future cruafaidh mé;
cruafad 		cruafaidh tú;
cruafair† 		cruafaidh sé, sí cruafaimid;
cruafaidh muid 		cruafaidh sibh cruafaidh siad;
cruafaid† 		a chruafaidh; a chruafas /
a gcruafaidh* 		cruafar
conditional chruafainn / gcruafainn‡‡ chruafá / gcruafᇇ chruafadh sé, sí / gcruafadh sé, s퇇 chruafaimis; chruafadh muid / gcruafaimis‡‡; gcruafadh muid‡‡ chruafadh sibh / gcruafadh sibh‡‡ chruafaidís; chruafadh siad / gcruafaidís‡‡; gcruafadh siad‡‡ a chruafadh /
a gcruafadh* 		chruafaí / gcruafa퇇
subjunctive
present go gcrua mé;
go gcruad† 		go gcrua tú;
go gcruair† 		go gcrua sé, sí go gcruaimid;
go gcrua muid 		go gcrua sibh go gcrua siad;
go gcruaid† 		— go gcruaitear
past dá gcruainn dá gcruaiteá dá gcruadh sé, sí dá gcruaimis;
dá gcruadh muid 		dá gcruadh sibh dá gcruaidís;
dá gcruadh siad 		— dá gcruaití
imperative
– cruaim cruaigh cruadh sé, sí cruaimis cruaigí;
cruaidh† 		cruaidís — cruaitear

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Mutated forms of cruaigh
radical lenition eclipsis
cruaigh chruaigh gcruaigh

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

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