crua

Catalan

Pronunciation

Adjective

crua

  1. feminine singular of cru

Irish

Etymology 1

From Old Irish crúaid (“hard, stern”),[1] from Proto-Celtic *kroudis, from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • (Munster) IPA(key): /kɾˠuəɟ/, [kɾˠuɛ̯ɟ][2] (corresponding to the pre-reform spelling cruaidh)
  • (Connacht) IPA(key): /kɾˠuə/[3]
  • (Ulster) IPA(key): /kɾˠuəj/, [kɾˠui̯][4] (corresponding to the pre-reform spelling cruaidh)

Adjective

crua (comparative crua or cruacha)

  1. hard, firm
  2. difficult
  3. severe
Declension
Declension of crua
Positive singular plural
masculine feminine strong noun weak noun
nominative crua chrua crua;
chrua2
vocative chrua crua
genitive crua crua crua
dative crua;
chrua1 		chrua crua;
chrua2
Comparative níos crua
Superlative is crua

1 When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article.
2 When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

  • Alternative comparative form: cruacha (Cois Fharraige)
Derived terms
  • casacht chrua thirim
  • crua sa bholg (“constipated”)
  • crua sa chorp
  • crua-adhmad (“hardwood”)
  • crua-ae (“liver”)
  • crua-ailse (“scirrhus”)
  • crua-aimsir (“severe weather”)
  • crua-chlár
  • crua-chré (“stoneware”)
  • crua-earra (“(article of) hardware”)
  • cruabhéalach
  • cruabheirithe
  • cruabhruite (“hard-baked; hard-boiled”)
  • cruach
  • cruachaol (“thin and hardy, wiry”)
  • cruachás (“predicament; difficulty, distress”)
  • cruacheist (“difficult question; conundrum”)
  • cruachiseal (“hardpan”)
  • cruachlár (“hardboard”)
  • cruachomhla (“hard valve”)
  • cruachraicneach
  • cruachroíoch
  • cruachroíocht (“hard-heartedness”)
  • cruacht (“hardness; hardiness; stinginess”)
  • cruadhéanta
  • cruaigh (“harden”)
  • cruáil (“hardship, adversity; cruelty; stinginess”)
  • crualuachair (“dwarf club-rush”)
  • cruamhuineálach
  • cruán (“solid; hard ground”)
  • deoch chrua (“drink of strong spirits”)
  • uisce crua (“hard water”)

Further reading

  • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) “cruaiḋ”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 573; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “crua”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Etymology 2

From Middle Irish crúaide, from Old Irish crúaid (“hard”) + -e (noun-forming suffix)

Alternative forms

Noun

crua f (genitive singular crua)

  1. hardness
Declension
Declension of crua (fourth declension, no plural)
bare forms
singular
nominative crua
vocative a chrua
genitive crua
dative crua
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative an chrua
genitive na crua
dative leis an gcrua
don chrua

Noun

crua m (genitive singular cruaite)

  1. alternative form of cruachan (“hardening”)
Declension
Declension of crua (irregular, no plural)
bare forms
singular
nominative crua
vocative a chrua
genitive cruaite
dative crua
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative an crua
genitive an chruaite
dative leis an gcrua
don chrua

Further reading

  • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) “cruaiḋe”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 274; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “crua”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Mutation

Mutated forms of crua
radical lenition eclipsis
crua chrua gcrua

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “crúaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  2. ^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 45, page 24
  3. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), Zweiter Band: Wörterbuch [Second volume: Dictionary], Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 163
  4. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 152, page 59

Old Galician-Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Latin crūdam.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkɾu.a/
  • Rhymes: -ua

Adjective

crua

  1. feminine singular of cruu

Descendants

  • Galician: crúa
  • Portuguese: crua

Portuguese

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkɾu.ɐ/

  • Rhymes: -uɐ
  • Hyphenation: cru‧a

Adjective

crua

  1. feminine singular of cru

Venetan

Adjective

crua f sg

  1. feminine singular of cruo
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