Egyptian
Pronunciation
Verb
3-lit. or 3ae inf.
- (transitive) to unite, to put together (the limbs or bones of a dead person or Osiris)
- (intransitive, in the stative) to be collected, assembled, to be all together (+ ḥnꜥ: to be united with)
- (intransitive or reflexive) to unify, to unite, to assemble (+ ḥnꜥ: with)
- (intransitive or reflexive, with n) to join (someone)
- (transitive) to present (offerings or gifts) (+ n: to (someone))
- (transitive) to give a gift to (someone) (+ m or ẖr: of (something)) [Greco-Roman Period]
Inflection
In the Old Kingdom, this verb conjugated as a strong triliteral verb:
Conjugation of jꜥb (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jꜥb, geminated stem: jꜥbb
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
jꜥb
|
jꜥbw, jꜥb
|
jꜥbt
|
jꜥb
|
jꜥb
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
jꜥb
|
ḥr jꜥb
|
m jꜥb
|
r jꜥb
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
jꜥb.n
|
jꜥbw, jꜥb
|
consecutive
|
jꜥb.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
jꜥbt
|
| perfective3
|
jꜥb
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
jꜥb.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
jꜥb
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
jꜥb
|
jꜥbb
|
potentialis1
|
jꜥb.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
jꜥb
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
jꜥb.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
jꜥb
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
jꜥb
|
jꜥb, jꜥbw5, jꜥby5
|
| imperfective
|
jꜥb, jꜥby, jꜥbw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
jꜥb, jꜥbj6, jꜥby6
|
jꜥb, jꜥbw5
|
| prospective
|
jꜥb, jꜥbtj7
|
—
|
jꜥbtj4, jꜥbt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Since the Middle Kingdom, it instead became a third weak verb:
Conjugation of ꜥbj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: ꜥb, geminated stem: ꜥbb
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
ꜥbt, ꜥbj
|
ꜥbw, ꜥb
|
ꜥbt, ꜥbwt, ꜥbyt
|
ꜥb
|
ꜥb, ꜥby
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
ꜥb8, ꜥbb8
|
ḥr ꜥbt, ḥr ꜥbj
|
m ꜥbt, m ꜥbj
|
r ꜥbt, r ꜥbj
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ꜥb.n
|
ꜥbw, ꜥb, ꜥby
|
consecutive
|
ꜥb.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
ꜥbt, ꜥbyt
|
| perfective3
|
ꜥb
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
ꜥb.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
ꜥb, ꜥby
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
ꜥbw, ꜥb, ꜥby
|
ꜥbw, ꜥb, ꜥby
|
potentialis1
|
ꜥb.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
ꜥb, ꜥby
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ꜥb.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
ꜥbw1, ꜥby, ꜥb
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ꜥb
|
ꜥby, ꜥb
|
| imperfective
|
ꜥbb, ꜥbby, ꜥbbw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ꜥbb, ꜥbbj6, ꜥbby6
|
ꜥbb, ꜥbbw5
|
| prospective
|
ꜥbw1, ꜥby, ꜥb, ꜥbtj7
|
—
|
ꜥbwtj1 4, ꜥbtj4, ꜥbt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
8 Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥb
|
|
|
|
|
|
| jꜥb
|
jꜥb
|
jꜥb
|
jꜥbj
|
ꜥbj
|
| [Old Kingdom]
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
[Middle Kingdom]
|
[Middle Kingdom]
|
|
|
|
|
|
in hieratic
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥb
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| jꜥbj
|
jꜥbj
|
jꜥbj
|
ꜥbj
|
ꜥbj
|
ꜥbj
|
ꜥbꜣj
|
| [New Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[Greco-Roman Period]
|
Derived terms
Noun
m
- bowl, especially a small bowl used for incense (attached to a censer’s handle) or a scribe’s water bowl
Inflection
Declension of jꜥb (masculine)
| singular
|
jꜥb
|
| dual
|
jꜥbwj
|
| plural
|
jꜥbw
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥb
|
|
|
| ꜥꜥb
|
ꜣꜥꜥbw
|
| [New Kingdom]
|
[19th–20th Dynasty]
|
|
|
in hieratic
|
Verb
3-lit.
- (transitive) to rake together and heap up (grain) with a pitchfork [Old Kingdom]
Inflection
Conjugation of jꜥb (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jꜥb, geminated stem: jꜥbb
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
jꜥb
|
jꜥbw, jꜥb
|
jꜥbt
|
jꜥb
|
jꜥb
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
jꜥb
|
ḥr jꜥb
|
m jꜥb
|
r jꜥb
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
jꜥb.n
|
jꜥbw, jꜥb
|
consecutive
|
jꜥb.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
jꜥbt
|
| perfective3
|
jꜥb
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
jꜥb.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
jꜥb
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
jꜥb
|
jꜥbb
|
potentialis1
|
jꜥb.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
jꜥb
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
jꜥb.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
jꜥb
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
jꜥb
|
jꜥb, jꜥbw5, jꜥby5
|
| imperfective
|
jꜥb, jꜥby, jꜥbw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
jꜥb, jꜥbj6, jꜥby6
|
jꜥb, jꜥbw5
|
| prospective
|
jꜥb, jꜥbtj7
|
—
|
jꜥbtj4, jꜥbt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Derived terms
References
- “jꜥb (lemma ID 21680)”, “jꜥb (lemma ID 21670)”, and “jꜥb (lemma ID 21660)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 40.8–41.2, 174
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 10–11, 38, 40
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 455, 457.