kišti

Lithuanian

Etymology

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *keḱ-, though no non-Lithuanian cognates are known with certainty:[1]

  • Often compared to kim̃šti (to stuff, cram), with an irregular deletion of the "m". This is semantically appealing, but phonetically unlikely.[2]
  • Fraenkel prefers a derivation from ki̇̀sti (to lay (flax stalks) out to dry and thresh) (which Būga derives from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (to gather, layer))[3] + an inchoative suffix *-sḱ.[2]
  • Simas Karaliūnas is skeptical of Fraenkel's derivation due to ki̇̀šti being transitive, while inchoative verbs are usually intransitive, and prefers Hendriksen's derivation from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeys- (to heed), whence Latin cūra (care, concern).[4] This is semantically unappealing, in addition to Endzelins noting that Proto-Indo-European *s only turns into š in Lithuanian when following an r or a k.[2]
  • Other theories relate the word to káišti (to shave, scrape, scratch).[5] Smoczynski considers this semantically weak.

Pronunciation

Verb

ki̇̀šti (third-person present tense ki̇̀ša, third-person past tense ki̇̀šo)[6][7]

  1. to push, thrust, shove

Conjugation

Conjugation of kišti
singular vienaskaita plural daugiskaita
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
tu jis/ji mes jūs jie/jos
indicative present kišù kiši̇̀ ki̇̀ša ki̇̀šame,
ki̇̀šam
ki̇̀šate,
ki̇̀šat
ki̇̀ša
past kišaũ kišai̇̃ ki̇̀šo ki̇̀šome,
ki̇̀šom
ki̇̀šote,
ki̇̀šot
ki̇̀šo
past frequentative ki̇̀šdavau ki̇̀šdavai ki̇̀šdavo ki̇̀šdavome,
ki̇̀šdavom
ki̇̀šdavote,
ki̇̀šdavot
ki̇̀šdavo
future ki̇̀šiu ki̇̀ši ki̇̀š ki̇̀šime,
ki̇̀šim
ki̇̀šite,
ki̇̀šit
ki̇̀š
subjunctive ki̇̀ščiau ki̇̀štum,
ki̇̀štumei
ki̇̀štų ki̇̀štumėme,
ki̇̀štumėm,
ki̇̀štume
ki̇̀štumėte,
ki̇̀štumėt
ki̇̀štų
imperative ki̇̀šk,
ki̇̀ški
teki̇̀ša,
teki̇̀šie
ki̇̀škime,
ki̇̀škim
ki̇̀škite,
ki̇̀škit
teki̇̀ša,
teki̇̀šie
Participles of kišti
adjectival (dalyviai)
active passive
present ki̇̀šąs, ki̇̀šantis ki̇̀šamas
past ki̇̀šęs ki̇̀štas
past frequentative ki̇̀šdavęs
future ki̇̀šiąs, ki̇̀šiantis ki̇̀šimas
participle of necessity ki̇̀štinas
adverbial
special pusdalyvis ki̇̀šdamas
half-participle present ki̇̀šant
past ki̇̀šus
past frequentative ki̇̀šdavus
future ki̇̀šiant
manner of action būdinys ki̇̀šte, ki̇̀štinai

References

  1. ^ Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “ki̇̀šti”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego[1] (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, pages 291-2
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Fraenkel, Ernst (1955, 1962–1965) “kìšti”, in Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume I, Heidelberg-Göttingen: Carl Winter and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 260
  3. ^ Fraenkel, Ernst (1955, 1962–1965) “kìsti 4”, in Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume I, Heidelberg-Göttingen: Carl Winter and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 259
  4. ^ kišti”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
  5. ^ kìšti” in Hock et al., Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 2.0 (online, 2020–); p. 574 in ALEW 1.1 (online, 2019).
  6. ^ kišti”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2025
  7. ^ kišti”, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, 1954–2025