kišti
Lithuanian
Etymology
Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *keḱ-, though no non-Lithuanian cognates are known with certainty:[1]
- Often compared to kim̃šti (“to stuff, cram”), with an irregular deletion of the "m". This is semantically appealing, but phonetically unlikely.[2]
- Fraenkel prefers a derivation from ki̇̀sti (“to lay (flax stalks) out to dry and thresh”) (which Būga derives from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to gather, layer”))[3] + an inchoative suffix *-sḱ.[2]
- Simas Karaliūnas is skeptical of Fraenkel's derivation due to ki̇̀šti being transitive, while inchoative verbs are usually intransitive, and prefers Hendriksen's derivation from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeys- (“to heed”), whence Latin cūra (“care, concern”).[4] This is semantically unappealing, in addition to Endzelins noting that Proto-Indo-European *s only turns into š in Lithuanian when following an r or a k.[2]
- Other theories relate the word to káišti (“to shave, scrape, scratch”).[5] Smoczynski considers this semantically weak.
Pronunciation
Verb
ki̇̀šti (third-person present tense ki̇̀ša, third-person past tense ki̇̀šo)[6][7]
Conjugation
| singular vienaskaita | plural daugiskaita | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| aš | tu | jis/ji | mes | jūs | jie/jos | |||
| indicative | present | kišù | kiši̇̀ | ki̇̀ša | ki̇̀šame, ki̇̀šam |
ki̇̀šate, ki̇̀šat |
ki̇̀ša | |
| past | kišaũ | kišai̇̃ | ki̇̀šo | ki̇̀šome, ki̇̀šom |
ki̇̀šote, ki̇̀šot |
ki̇̀šo | ||
| past frequentative | ki̇̀šdavau | ki̇̀šdavai | ki̇̀šdavo | ki̇̀šdavome, ki̇̀šdavom |
ki̇̀šdavote, ki̇̀šdavot |
ki̇̀šdavo | ||
| future | ki̇̀šiu | ki̇̀ši | ki̇̀š | ki̇̀šime, ki̇̀šim |
ki̇̀šite, ki̇̀šit |
ki̇̀š | ||
| subjunctive | ki̇̀ščiau | ki̇̀štum, ki̇̀štumei |
ki̇̀štų | ki̇̀štumėme, ki̇̀štumėm, ki̇̀štume |
ki̇̀štumėte, ki̇̀štumėt |
ki̇̀štų | ||
| imperative | — | ki̇̀šk, ki̇̀ški |
teki̇̀ša, teki̇̀šie |
ki̇̀škime, ki̇̀škim |
ki̇̀škite, ki̇̀škit |
teki̇̀ša, teki̇̀šie | ||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ^ Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “ki̇̀šti”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego[1] (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, pages 291-2
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Fraenkel, Ernst (1955, 1962–1965) “kìšti”, in Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume I, Heidelberg-Göttingen: Carl Winter and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 260
- ^ Fraenkel, Ernst (1955, 1962–1965) “kìsti 4”, in Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume I, Heidelberg-Göttingen: Carl Winter and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 259
- ^ “kišti”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
- ^ “kìšti” in Hock et al., Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 2.0 (online, 2020–); p. 574 in ALEW 1.1 (online, 2019).
- ^ “kišti”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2025
- ^ “kišti”, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, 1954–2025