rún

See also: Appendix:Variations of "run"

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse rún, from Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo, acc. sing.), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɹʉuːn/
  • Rhymes: -ʉuːn

Noun

rún f (genitive singular rúnar, plural rúnir)

  1. rune
  2. (in the plural: rúnir) magic

Declension

f2 singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative rún rúnin rúnir rúnirnar
accusative rún rúnina rúnir rúnirnar
dative rún rúnini rúnum rúnunum
genitive rúnar rúnarinnar rúna rúnanna

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse rún (“secret; rune”), from Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo, acc. sing.), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ruːn/
  • Rhymes: -uːn

Noun

rún f (genitive singular rúnar, nominative plural rúnir)

  1. rune
  2. magical symbol
  3. (archaic or poetic) secret wisdom
  4. (obsolete) female confidant
    Synonym: rúna

Declension

Declension of rún (feminine)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative rún rúnin rúnir rúnirnar
accusative rún rúnina rúnir rúnirnar
dative rún rúninni rúnum rúnunum
genitive rúnar rúnarinnar rúna rúnanna

Derived terms

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish rún (“mystery, secret”)[1] (whence also Scottish Gaelic rùn, Manx roon), from Proto-Celtic *rūnā. Cognate with Welsh rhin.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɾˠuːn̪ˠ/[2], /ɾˠuːnˠ/[3][4]

Noun

rún m (genitive singular rúin, nominative plural rúin)

  1. mystery
  2. secret
  3. secret intention, purpose
  4. secret disposition; (evil) design
  5. (formal) resolution
  6. love, affection
  7. loved one; dear one, friend
  8. term of endearment
    A rún mo chroí! ― My darling!

Declension

Declension of rún (first declension)
bare forms
singular plural
nominative rún rúin
vocative a rúin a rúna
genitive rúin rún
dative rún rúin
forms with the definite article
singular plural
nominative an rún na rúin
genitive an rúin na rún
dative leis an rún
don rún 		leis na rúin

Derived terms

  • cara rúin (“confidant”)
  • dea-rún (“good intention”)
  • faoi rún (“in confidence”)
  • margadh rúin (“sweetheart deal”)
  • rún buíochais (“vote of thanks”)
  • rún cáinte (“vote of censure”)
  • rún ceilge (“treacherous intent, plot”)
  • rún diaga (“divine mystery”)
  • rún díoltais (“design of vengeance”)
  • rún gadaí (“malicious intent of thief”)
  • rúnach (“runic; secret, mysterious”)
  • rúnach (“darling, sweetheart”)
  • rúnaí
  • rúnchara (“confidant”)
  • rúnda
  • rúndaingean (“strong-minded, resolute”)
  • rúndiamhair (“mystical, mysterious”)
  • rúndiamhair (“(religious) mystery”)
  • rúnmhar (“close, secretive”)
  • scéal rúin

Descendants

  • →⇒ Fingallian: arroon

References

  1. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 rún”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  2. ^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 86
  3. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), Zweiter Band: Wörterbuch [Second volume: Dictionary], Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 217
  4. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 474, page 151

Further reading

  • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) “rún”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 924; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “rún”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “rún”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
  • “rún”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2025

Mandarin

Romanization

rún (run2, Zhuyin ㄖㄨㄣˊ)

  1. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 犉
  2. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 瞤 / 𥆧

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *rūnā. Cognate with Welsh rhin.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /r͈uːn/

Noun

rún f (genitive rúine, nominative plural rúna)

  1. mystery, secret
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 13a12
      Má beid ní di rúnaib do·théi ar menmuin ind ḟir bíis inna ṡuidiu et ad·reig.
      If there are any of the mysteries that may come upon the mind of the man who is sitting, and he rises.
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 27c22
      Is airi am cimbid-se hóre no·pridchim in rúin sin.
      It is for that reason that I am a captive, because I preach that mystery.

Declension

Feminine ā-stem
singular dual plural
nominative rúnL rúinL rúnaH
vocative rúnL rúinL rúnaH
accusative rúinN rúinL rúnaH
genitive rúineH rúnL rúnN
dative rúinL rúnaib rúnaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

Descendants

Mutation

Mutation of rún
radical lenition nasalization
rún
also rrún in h-prothesis environments		 rún
pronounced with /ɾ-/		 rún
also rrún

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

Old Norse

Alternative forms

  • ᚱᚢᚾ (run), plural: ᚱᚢᚾᛅᛦ (runaʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᛁᛦ (runiʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᚬᛦ (runąʀ)

Etymology

From Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo, acc. sing.), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō, whence also Old English rūn (“secret, runic letter”), Old Saxon rūna (Middle Low German rūne (“whisper”)), Middle High German rūne (“whisper”), Gothic 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (rūna, “secret”). Or from the Proto-Indo-European *rewH- (“dig”, a root). Compare German Rune and Swedish runa.

Noun

rún f (genitive rúnar, plural rúnar or rúnir)

  1. secret
  2. rune

Declension

Declension of rún (strong ō-stem)
feminine singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative rún rúnin rúnar, rúnir rúnarnar, rúnirnar
accusative rún rúnina rúnar, rúnir rúnarnar, rúnirnar
dative rún rúninni rúnum rúnunum
genitive rúnar rúnarinnar rúna rúnanna

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Icelandic: rún f
  • Faroese: rún f
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: run f, runer f pl (← rúnir); (dialectal) rón f, rjón n
  • Old Swedish: rūn, rūna
    • Swedish: runa c or f
  • Old Danish: rune
    • Danish: rune c (partially through artificial revival), runer pl

Further reading

  • Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989) Íslensk orðsifjabók, Reykjavík: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, →ISBN (Available at Málið.is under the “Eldri orðabækur” tab.)

Slovak

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ruːn]

Noun

rún

  1. genitive plural of rúno

Vietnamese

Etymology

Attested as ルン (run), glossed 臍 (“navel”), in the Annan Hyōryūki (安南漂流記, 1767), recorded the South Central dialect of Hội An.

Pronunciation

Noun

(classifier cái) rún

  1. Central Vietnam and Southern Vietnam form of rốn (“navel”)
    Chuồn chuồn cắn rún biết bơi. (Popular myth among children in Vietnam)
    If you let a dragonfly bite your belly button, you would know how to swim.

Derived terms

  • cười tét rún
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