rugio

See also: rugió

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *rougjō. Per De Vaan, related to Ancient Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “roar”), ὀρῠμαγδός (orŭmagdós, “noise”), ὠρῡγή (ōrūgḗ, “noise, roaring”), and possibly related to rū̆dō (“(of lions) to roar; (of donkeys) to bray”). Despite the phonetic similarity to ērūgō (“belch”), De Vaan thinks cognacy is unlikely, viewing the semantics as a poor match (although Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai) also has the meaning "belch", which De Vaan considers a homophone).^[1] Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“to roar”).

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈruː.ɡi.oː], [ˈrʊ.ɡi.oː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈruː.d͡ʒi.o]
The u in the first syllable is marked short by Lewis and Short as well as Gaffiot, but long by De Vaan (2008) and Wartburg (1928–2002).^[2] Buchi and Schweickard say that although the Romance outcomes require the reconstruction of Proto-Romance */u/ (as if from long ū), the quantity of the vowel in written Latin is uncertain.^[3]

Verb

rū̆giō (present infinitive rū̆gīre, perfect active rū̆gīvī or rū̆giī); fourth conjugation, no passive, no supine stem

(intransitive) to roar, bellow; rumble
- 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Ieremias.2.15:
  super eum rugierunt leones et dederunt vocem suam posuerunt terram eius in solitudinem civitates eius exustae sunt et non est qui habitet in eis
  The young lions have roared on him, and yelled; and they have made his land waste: his cities are burned up, without inhabitant.
(intransitive) to bray

Conjugation

Conjugation of rū̆giō (fourth conjugation, no passive, no supine stem)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	rū̆giō	rū̆gīs		rū̆git	rū̆gīmus	rū̆gītis		rū̆giunt
	imperfect	rū̆giēbam	rū̆giēbās		rū̆giēbat	rū̆giēbāmus	rū̆giēbātis		rū̆giēbant
	future	rū̆giam	rū̆giēs		rū̆giet	rū̆giēmus	rū̆giētis		rū̆gient
	perfect	rū̆gīvī, rū̆giī	rū̆gīvistī, rū̆giistī		rū̆gīvit, rū̆giit	rū̆gīvimus, rū̆giimus	rū̆gīvistis, rū̆giistis		rū̆gīvērunt, rū̆gīvēre, rū̆giērunt, rū̆giēre
	pluperfect	rū̆gīveram, rū̆gieram	rū̆gīverās, rū̆gierās		rū̆gīverat, rū̆gierat	rū̆gīverāmus, rū̆gierāmus	rū̆gīverātis, rū̆gierātis		rū̆gīverant, rū̆gierant
	future perfect	rū̆gīverō, rū̆gierō	rū̆gīveris, rū̆gieris		rū̆gīverit, rū̆gierit	rū̆gīverimus, rū̆gierimus	rū̆gīveritis, rū̆gieritis		rū̆gīverint, rū̆gierint
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	rū̆giam	rū̆giās		rū̆giat	rū̆giāmus	rū̆giātis		rū̆giant
	imperfect	rū̆gīrem	rū̆gīrēs		rū̆gīret	rū̆gīrēmus	rū̆gīrētis		rū̆gīrent
	perfect	rū̆gīverim, rū̆gierim	rū̆gīverīs, rū̆gierīs		rū̆gīverit, rū̆gierit	rū̆gīverīmus, rū̆gierīmus	rū̆gīverītis, rū̆gierītis		rū̆gīverint, rū̆gierint
	pluperfect	rū̆gīvissem, rū̆giissem	rū̆gīvissēs, rū̆giissēs		rū̆gīvisset, rū̆giisset	rū̆gīvissēmus, rū̆giissēmus	rū̆gīvissētis, rū̆giissētis		rū̆gīvissent, rū̆giissent
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	rū̆gī		—	—	rū̆gīte		—
active	future	—	rū̆gītō		rū̆gītō	—	rū̆gītōte		rū̆giuntō
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		rū̆gīre		—		rū̆giēns		—
perfect		rū̆gīvisse, rū̆giisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		rū̆giendī	rū̆giendō		rū̆giendum	rū̆giendō	—		—

Synonyms

(roar, bellow): mūgiō, rū̆dō

Derived terms

irrū̆giō
rū̆giēns
rū̆gītus

Descendants

Aromanian: arujescu, arujiri
→ Asturian: ruxir
→ French: rugir
Italian: ruggire
Old French: ruir
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: rogir
- Galician: ruxir
- Portuguese: rugir
Old Spanish: ruir
Romanian: rugi, rugire
→ Spanish: rugir
- → Catalan: rugir^[3]
⇒ Vulgar Latin: brugio (from a Gaulish root)
- Old French: bruire
  - French: bruire

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-rūgiō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 528-529
^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “rūgīre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 10: R, page 546
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Buchi, Éva, Schweickard, Wolfgang (2008–) “*/ˈruɡ-i-/ v.”, in Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman, Nancy: Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française, retrieved 18 May 2023: “Si la reconstruction comparative exige clairement */ˈu/, la quantité du <u> en latin écrit est mal assurée (cf. Ernout/Meillet₄).”.

Lithuanian

Noun

rùgio

genitive singular of rugỹs (“rye”)

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-rūgiō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 528-529

[2] Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “rūgīre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 10: R, page 546

[DÉRom-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Buchi, Éva, Schweickard, Wolfgang (2008–) “*/ˈruɡ-i-/ v.”, in Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman, Nancy: Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française, retrieved 18 May 2023: “Si la reconstruction comparative exige clairement */ˈu/, la quantité du <u> en latin écrit est mal assurée (cf. Ernout/Meillet₄).”.

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