Egyptian
Etymology
Compare Proto-Semitic *šamaʕ- (“to hear, to listen”). Apparently unrelated to Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”).
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈsaːcʼam/ → /ˈsaːtʼam/ → /ˈsaːtʼəm/ → /ˈsoːtʼəm/
- (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA(key): /ˈsaːcʼam/ (infinitive); IPA(key): /saˈcʼimna/ (perfect), IPA(key): /sacʼˈma/ (subjunctive), IPA(key): /ˈsaːcʼim/ (active participle), IPA(key): /ˈsacʼmiw/ (passive participle)[1]
- (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA(key): /ˈsaːtʼam/ (infinitive)
- (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA(key): /ˈsaːtʼəm/ (infinitive)
- (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA(key): /ˈsoːtʼəm/ (infinitive)
Verb
3-lit.
- (transitive) to hear
- (transitive) to obey, to heed
c. 1900 BCE,
The Instructions of Kagemni (
pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.4–2.5:
- ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣt
- In the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.
- (intransitive) to listen (+ n: to (someone))
- (transitive) to put on trial, to try
Inflection
Conjugation of sḏm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: sḏm, geminated stem: sḏmm
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
sḏm
|
sḏmw, sḏm
|
sḏmt
|
sḏm
|
sḏm
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
sḏm
|
ḥr sḏm
|
m sḏm
|
r sḏm
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sḏm.n
|
sḏmw, sḏm
|
consecutive
|
sḏm.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
sḏmt
|
| perfective3
|
sḏm
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
sḏm.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
sḏm
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
sḏm
|
sḏmm
|
potentialis1
|
sḏm.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
sḏm
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sḏm.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
sḏm
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sḏm
|
sḏm, sḏmw5, sḏmy5
|
| imperfective
|
sḏm, sḏmy, sḏmw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sḏm, sḏmj6, sḏmy6
|
sḏm, sḏmw5
|
| prospective
|
sḏm, sḏmtj7
|
—
|
sḏmtj4, sḏmt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sḏm
Derived terms
Descendants
- Demotic: stm
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (sōtem)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ (sōtm̄)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (sōtem)
- Oxyrhynchite Coptic: ⲥⲟⲧⲙ (sotm)
- Hermopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲏⲙ (sōtēm)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲙⲉ (sōtme), ⲥⲱⲧⲙ (sōtm)
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲙⲉ (sōtme)
Noun
m
- trial
References
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 282, 299.
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 25
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 53