καί

See also: και

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

ϗ (kaí), ϗ́ (kaí) — abbreviation
κάς (kás) — Arcadocypriot
- 𐠊𐠩 (ka-se) — Cypriot
καέ, κή (kaé, kḗ) — Boeotian

Etymology

From earlier *kahi ← *kasi (still seen in κασίγνητος (kasígnētos, “brother”)) ← *kati, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥t-, from *ḱóm (“with”). Compare Hittite [script needed] (kat-ti, “along with”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kǎi̯/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kɛ/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /cɛ/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ce/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ce/

Conjunction

καί • (kaí)

and
even, also
means
both ... and ... (when used in the construction καί ... καί ...)
καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν
kaì katà gên kaì katà thálattan
Along both land and sea

Derived terms

κᾱ̓κ (kāk, preposition)
κᾷτᾰ (kāîtă, conjunction)

Descendants

Greek: και (kai, “and”)
Italiot Greek: ce
Mariupol Greek: ки (ki)
Tsakonian: τσαι (tsai)
Coptic: ⲕⲁⲓ (kai)
→ Esperanto: kaj (“and”)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “καί”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 615

“καί”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“καί”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“καί”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
καί in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
καί in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
“καί”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G2532 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- also idem, page 25.
- both . . . and idem, page 90.
- eke idem, page 263.
- even idem, page 284.
- too idem, page 880.

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “καί”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 615

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