κατά

See also: κατα-, κατά-, and κᾷτα

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *kətá, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥-th₂, from *ḱóm (“beside, with”).[1]

Cognate with Hittite 𒅗𒀜𒋫 (katta, “down from, at, with, under”),[2] Cuneiform Luwian [script needed] (zanta, “down”),[3] Tocharian B kätk- (“to lower”) and perhaps Old Welsh cant, Modern Welsh gan (“with”).

The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE direct object.

Pronunciation

 

Preposition

κᾰτᾰ́ • (kătắ) (governs the genitive and accusative)

  1. [with genitive]
    1. against, opposing
    2. into
    3. against
  2. [with accusative]
    1. downwards
    2. along, through, in
    3. towards
    4. during
    5. for, for the purpose of
    6. according to, in conformity with

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Greek: κατά (katá)
  • Latin: cata (see there for further descendants)
  • English: cata-, kata

References

  1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 612
  2. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάτα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 656
  3. ^ Melchert, Craig "Hittite Historical Phonology after 100 Years (and after 20 Years)" in Hrozny and Hittite, the first 100 years chapter 12, Pages: 258–276 Brill, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004413122_014 https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004413122/BP000015.xml?language=en

Further reading

Greek

Alternative forms

Etymology

From the Ancient Greek κᾰτά (kătá).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kaˈta/

Preposition

κατά • (katá)

  1. (with genitive) versus, against
    Antonym: υπέρ (ypér)
    Έγινε έγκλημα κατά της Ελλάδας! ― Égine égklima katá tis Elládas! ― Crimes were committed against Greece!
  2. (with accusative) towards
    Το δωμάτιο βλέπει κατά την ανατολή. ― To domátio vlépei katá tin anatolí. ― The room faces towards the east
  3. (with accusative) during
    κατά τη διάρκεια του ταξιδιού ― katá ti diárkeia tou taxidioú ― during the trip (literally, “toward the duration of the trip”)
  4. (with accusative) around, about, close to
    Θα έρθω κατά τις έξι το απόγευμα. ― Tha értho katá tis éxi to apógevma. ― I will come at about six in the evening.
  5. (with accusative) according
    κατά παράδοση ― katá parádosi ― traditionally (literally, “according to tradition”)
    κατά τον Γιώργο ... ― katá ton Giórgo ... ― according to George ...

Synonyms

Derived terms

  • ανάκατα (anákata, “topsy-turvy, higgledy-piggledy”, adverb)
  • καθ’ εκάστην (kath’ ekástin, “every day”) (Katharevousa)
  • καθέκαστα n pl (kathékasta, “details, particulars”)
  • κατ΄ αποκοπήν (“with a prearranged payment”)
  • κατά βάθος (katá váthos, “deep down, at bottom”)
  • κατά βάση (katá vási, “basically”)
  • κατά διαβολική σύμπτωση (katá diavolikí sýmptosi, “by diabolical coincidence”)
  • κατά διαβόλου σύμπτωση (katá diavólou sýmptosi, “by diabolical coincidence”) (less frequent)
  • κατά διαόλου σύμπτωση (katá diaólou sýmptosi, “by diabolical coincidence”) (less frequent)
  • κατά καιρούς (katá kairoús, “at times”)
  • κατά κανόνα (katá kanóna, “as a rule”)
  • κατά κόσμον (katá kósmon, “name of a clergyman before confirmation”)
  • κατά μέτωπον (katá métopon, “head-on, in full force”)
  • κατά πως (katá pos, “according (to)”)
  • κατά τη διάρκεια (katá ti diárkeia, “during, for the duration of”)
  • καταπληξία f (kataplixía, “cataplexy, shock”)
  • κατεξοχήν (katexochín, “eminently”)
  • το κατά δύναμιν (to katá dýnamin, “to (my) best efforts, in (my) power”), το κατά δύναμη (to katá dýnami)
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