Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱóm

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Perhaps from the deictic particle *ḱe.

Adverb

*ḱóm^[1]

beside, near, by, with

Usage notes

Has combining form *ḱó-.

Alternative reconstructions

*ko ~ *kóm^[2]

Derived terms

*ḱm̥-th₂
- Proto-Celtic: *kanta (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kətá
  - Ancient Greek: κατά (katá) (see there for further descendants)
*ḱm̥-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *kətí
  - Ancient Greek: καί (kaí), κασί(γνητος) (kasí(gnētos)) (see there for further descendants)
*ḱóm-tis
- Proto-Hellenic: *kətis
  - Ancient Greek: κάσις (kásis)
*ḱom-yós
- Proto-Hellenic: *koňňós
  - Ancient Greek: κοινός (koinós)
*ḱóm-teros
- Proto-Italic: *komteros
  - Latin: contrā (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Hittite: [script needed] (kattan)
Proto-Germanic: *hinder (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śun
- Lithuanian: sù (with unexpected depalatalization of *ś or from *sm̥-)
- Proto-Slavic: *sъ(n)
Proto-Celtic: *kom-
- Old Irish: com-, cummae (< *ḱóm-smiyo-)
  - Irish: comh-, cuma
  - Manx: co-
  - Scottish Gaelic: co-, coma
- Breton: ken-
- Cornish: kev-
- Welsh: cyf-, cyn-
Proto-Germanic: *ga- (< *ḱó-)
Proto-Italic: *kom
- Latin: cum, com-
- Oscan: kúm, comono (< *ḱómno-)
- Umbrian: kumne (< *ḱómno-)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: aṅkānmi (< *ḱómno-)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “com-, con-, co-; cum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 128
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 422-428