Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sm̥-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Zero grade form of the numeral stem *sem- (“one, together”).

Prefix

*sm̥-

one
with, together

Related terms

*sḗm (“one”)
*sēm-i (“half”)

Descendants

Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ամ- (am-, “at, with, together”)
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἁ- (ha-, “together”)
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἅπαξ (hápax, “once”)
    - Greek: άπαξ (ápax)
    - French: hapax, apax
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: sem-, sim-
  - ⇒ Latin: semper (“always”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Latin: simītu
  - ⇒ Latin: simplex (“single, simple”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Latin: simplus (“simple”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sa-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sa-
  - Sanskrit: स- (sa-, “together, with”)
- Proto-Iranian: *ha- (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

Category Proto-Indo-European terms prefixed with *sm̥- not found

*sm̥-meh₁lom (“one time”) (with *meh₁-)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: semel
^? *sm̥-ḱm̥tóm (“one hundred”) (with *ḱm̥tóm)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hekətón
  - Ancient Greek: ἑκατόν (hekatón), ἑκοτόν (hekotón) — Arcadocypriot
    - Greek: εκατό (ekató)
    - Mariupol Greek: като́ (kató)
    - → English: hecato-
*sm̥-ǵʰéslo- (“(one) thousand”) (with *ǵʰéslom)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saȷ́ʰásram (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *smīɣeslī
  - Latin: mīlle (see there for further descendants)
*sm̥-teros (“one other”) (with the suffix *-teros to form adjectives)
- Proto-Celtic: *santeros
- Proto-Hellenic: *həteros
  - Ancient Greek: ἕτερος (héteros) ἅτερος (háteros), ὥτερος (hṓteros), ἄτερος (áteros) (see there for further descendants)
*sm̥-dʰé (“together, with”)^[1]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ընդ (ənd) (for the sense "with" (+ dat.))
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sadʰá
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: सध (sadhá), सह (sahá)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan:
      Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬛𐬁 (hadā)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬜𐬀 (haδa)
    - Old Persian: [Term?] (/⁠hadā⁠/)
*sm̥-dʰri ^?
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: सध्रि (sádhri) (given by Pāṇini as synonym of सह (sahá))
*sm̥-pótnih₂ (“co-wife; concubine”)^[2] (with *pótnih₂)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sapátniH (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 722
^ Sadovski, Velizar (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Iranian, page 585: “PIIr. *sa-pátniH-”

[1] Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 722

[2] Sadovski, Velizar (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Iranian, page 585: “PIIr. *sa-pátniH-”

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