κινάρα

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

κύναρα (kúnara)

Etymology

The ι-υ variation has been referred to suggest a Pre-Greek origin,^[1] although it is only attested in the later Hellenistic period, and it could be borrowed from an Aramaic byform equivalent to the one which Persian (kangar, “cardoon”) is borrowed from, this meaning attested in Northeastern Neo-Aramaic ܩܰܩܢܳܐ (qaqna), ܩܰܠܩܳܐ (qalqa, “cardoon”), identical to Classical Syriac ܩܠܩܐ (qalqā, qelqā, “taro”), and therefore ܩܠܩܐܣ (qōlqās), ܩܠܘܩܣ (qōlqōs), ܩܠܘܩܘܣ (qōlōqōs, “taro”)^[2] and κολοκασία (kolokasía, “sacred lotus; taro”), implying a Western Aramaic emphatic state shaped /qɪˈŋarɑː/, since the ܪܒܨܐ (rəḇāṣā) diacritic for /ɛ/ in the best-attested Aramaic lect Syriac regularly corresponds to ḥiriq for /ɪ/ in other lects.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ki.ná.raː/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kiˈna.ra/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ciˈna.ra/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ciˈna.ra/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ciˈna.ra/

Noun

κῐνάρᾱ • (kĭnárā) f (genitive κῐνάρᾱς); first declension

artichoke (Cynara scolymus)

Inflection

First declension of ἡ κῐνάρᾱ; τῆς κῐνάρᾱς (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ἡ κῐνάρᾱ hē kĭnárā	τὼ κῐνάρᾱ tṑ kĭnárā	αἱ κῐνάραι hai kĭnárai
Genitive	τῆς κῐνάρᾱς tês kĭnárās	τοῖν κῐνάραιν toîn kĭnárain	τῶν κῐναρῶν tôn kĭnarôn
Dative	τῇ κῐνάρᾳ tēî kĭnárāi	τοῖν κῐνάραιν toîn kĭnárain	ταῖς κῐνάραις taîs kĭnárais
Accusative	τὴν κῐνάρᾱν tḕn kĭnárān	τὼ κῐνάρᾱ tṑ kĭnárā	τᾱ̀ς κῐνάρᾱς tā̀s kĭnárās
Vocative	κῐνάρᾱ kĭnárā	κῐνάρᾱ kĭnárā	κῐνάραι kĭnárai
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἀγρῐοκῐνᾰ́ρᾱ (agrĭokĭnắrā)
κῐνᾰρεών (kĭnăreṓn)
κῐνᾰρηφᾰ́γος (kĭnărēphắgos)

Descendants

Byzantine Greek: ἀγκινάρα (ankinára)
- Greek: αγκινάρα (agkinára), αγγινάρα f (anginára)
  - → Albanian: angjinare
  - → Ottoman Turkish: انكنار (enginar, inginar)
    - Turkish: enginar
    - → Albanian: engjinar
    - → Armenian: էնկինար (ēnkinar)
    - → Azerbaijani: ənginar
    - → Ladino: endjinara
    - → Persian: انگنار (angenâr, engenâr)
    - → South Levantine Arabic: إنجنار (’inginār)
  - → Romanian: anghinare
→ Classical Syriac: ܩܘܢܪܐ (*kunārā), ܩܝܢܪܣ (*kinārās), ܩܢܪܘܣ (*kinārūs, kunārūs)
→ Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: קִינְרָסָא (qinərāsā)
- → Hebrew: קִנְרָס (qinrás)
→ Latin: cinara, cynara
- → Translingual: Cynara
- ⇒ Latin: cinaria, cynaria
  - → Translingual: Cynaria
  - → Arabic: قِنَّارِيّة (qinnāriyya), قَنَّارِيّة (qannāriyya) (Al-Andalus, Morocco)
    - → Old Spanish: alcanería
    - → Catalan: alcanària

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κινάρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 699
^ Tezel, Aziz (2021) “On the Origin of Some Plant Names in Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo in Ṭūr ʿAbdīn”, in Geoffrey Khan, Paul M. Noorlander, editors, Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic‎^[1], Cambridge: University of Cambridge, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 335–341 for the Aramaic forms and meanings, though only the semantic and not etymological identity with the present word is realized.