στρυφνός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Of unclear origin. Possibly from the same root as στύφω (stúphō, “to astringe”), influenced by στριφνός (striphnós, “firm, hard, solid”) or στρηνής (strēnḗs, “hard, harsh”). The further comparison with Proto-West Germanic *strūb (“stiff, rough, bristly”), Lithuanian strùbas (“cut short, curtailed”) and Proto-Slavic *strupъ (“scab, crust of a wound”) is not very semantically strong and thus uncertain.^[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /stry.pʰnós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /stryˈpʰnos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /stryˈɸnos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /stryˈfnos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /striˈfnos/

Adjective

στρῠφνός • (strŭphnós) m (feminine στρῠφνή, neuter στρῠφνόν); first/second declension

sour, bitter, harsh, astringent
Synonym: στυφελός (stuphelós)
(figuratively) harsh, severe, austere

Inflection

First and second declension of στρῠφνός; στρῠφνή; στρῠφνόν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	στρῠφνός strŭphnós	στρῠφνή strŭphnḗ	στρῠφνόν strŭphnón	στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ	στρῠφνᾱ́ strŭphnā́	στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ	στρῠφνοί strŭphnoí	στρῠφναί strŭphnaí	στρῠφνᾰ́ strŭphnắ
Genitive	στρῠφνοῦ strŭphnoû	στρῠφνῆς strŭphnês	στρῠφνοῦ strŭphnoû	στρῠφνοῖν strŭphnoîn	στρῠφναῖν strŭphnaîn	στρῠφνοῖν strŭphnoîn	στρῠφνῶν strŭphnôn	στρῠφνῶν strŭphnôn	στρῠφνῶν strŭphnôn
Dative	στρῠφνῷ strŭphnōî	στρῠφνῇ strŭphnēî	στρῠφνῷ strŭphnōî	στρῠφνοῖν strŭphnoîn	στρῠφναῖν strŭphnaîn	στρῠφνοῖν strŭphnoîn	στρῠφνοῖς strŭphnoîs	στρῠφναῖς strŭphnaîs	στρῠφνοῖς strŭphnoîs
Accusative	στρῠφνόν strŭphnón	στρῠφνήν strŭphnḗn	στρῠφνόν strŭphnón	στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ	στρῠφνᾱ́ strŭphnā́	στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ	στρῠφνούς strŭphnoús	στρῠφνᾱ́ς strŭphnā́s	στρῠφνᾰ́ strŭphnắ
Vocative	στρῠφνέ strŭphné	στρῠφνή strŭphnḗ	στρῠφνόν strŭphnón	στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ	στρῠφνᾱ́ strŭphnā́	στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ	στρῠφνοί strŭphnoí	στρῠφναί strŭphnaí	στρῠφνᾰ́ strŭphnắ
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	στρῠφνῶς strŭphnôs			στρῠφνότερος strŭphnóteros			στρῠφνότᾰτος strŭphnótătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

στρυφνότης (struphnótēs)
στρυφνόω (struphnóō)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “στρυφνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1415-6