کشور

See also: كسور

Mazanderani

Noun

کشور (transliteration needed)

country

Pashto

Noun

کشور • (kišwár) m

land, region, territory, country

Declension

Declension of **کشور**
	singular	plural
direct	کشور (kišwár)	کشورونه (kišwáruna)
oblique	کشور (kišwár)	کشورونو (kišwáruno)
vocative	کشوره (kišwára)	کشورونو (kišwáruno)

References

“کشور”, in Pashto Dictionary, Peshawar, Pakistan: Pukhtoogle, 2020.
Pashtoon, Zeeya A. (2009) “کشور”, in Pashto–English Dictionary, Hyattsville: Dunwoody Press

Persian

Regional synonyms of "country"
Iranian Persian	کشور
Dari	کشور
Tajik	мамлакат

Alternative forms

کشکر (keškar) (dialectical, obsolete)

Etymology

From Middle Persian 𐭪𐭱𐭥𐭥 (kišvar), from Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬀 (karšvar, “realm, region; one of the seven realms of the world”), from the root 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀 (karš-, “to plough”) (the same root as (kašidan, “to pull, draw, stretch”), hence "a tract of land bordered by a ploughed line".

The term, a Middle Persian ecclesiastical borrowing from Avestan, originally referred to the "seven realms of the (known) world" to the ancient Iranic people, which was virtually only the ancient Indo-Iranian world of Inner Asia. With the expansion of knowledge of the world during the Middle Iranian era, the term expanded to refer to more broader regions. With the secularization of the term following the rise of Islam in Persia, it came to refer to realms, countries, or territories more generally.

Compare Central Kurdish کیشوه‌ر (kîşwer, “continent”), Sogdian 𐫐𐫏𐫢𐫛 (kyšp /⁠kišp⁠/, “country”), and Parthian [script needed] (kišfar).

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /kiʃ.ˈwaɾ/

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [kʰɪʃ.wǽɾ]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [kʰɪʃ.wǽɾ]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [kʰiʃ.wǽɾ]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [kʰʲeʃ.vǽɹ]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [kʰiʃ.vǽɾ]

Readings
Classical reading^?	kišwar
Dari reading^?	kišwar
Iranian reading^?	kešvar
Tajik reading^?	kišvar

Audio (Iran): (file)

Noun

کشور • (kišwar / kešvar) (plural کشورها (kišwar-hā / kešvar-hâ), Tajik spelling кишвар)

Inflection

Basic forms of
	singular	plural
bare	کشور (kešvar)	کشورها، کشورا^△ (kešvar-hấ, kešvarấ^△)
definitive direct object	کشور را، کشور رو^△ (kešvar râ, kešvaro^△)	کشورها را، کشورا رو^△ (kešvar-hấ râ, kešvarấ ro^△)
ezâfe	کشور (kešvar-e)	کشورهای، کشورای^△ (kešvar-hấ-ye, kešvarấ-ye^△)
marked indefinite or relative definite	کشوری (kešvar-i)	کشورهایی، کشورایی^△ (kešvarấn-i, kešvar-hấ-i, kešvarấi^△)

^△ Colloquial.

Derived terms

هفت کشور (haft-kešvar, “the seven realms”)

Urdu

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Classical Persian (kišwar, “realm, region; country; kingdom, territory; clime”).

Cognate Pashto کشور (kišwár), Central Kurdish کیشوه‌ر (kîşwer, “continent”), and Sogdian [script needed] (kyšp /⁠kišp⁠/, “country”).

Pronunciation

(Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /kɪʃ.ʋəɾ/

Noun

کِشْوَر • (kiśvar) m (Hindi spelling किशवर)

Declension

Declension of **کشور**
	singular	plural
direct	کشور (kiśvar)	کشور (kiśvar)
oblique	کشور (kiśvar)	کشوروں (kiśvarõ)
vocative	کشور (kiśvar)	کشورو (kiśvaro)