क्षमा
Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā). Doublet of छमा (chamā).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /kʂə.mɑː/, [kʃɐ.mäː]
Noun
क्षमा • (kṣamā) f (Urdu spelling کشما)
- (formal) a pardon, forgiveness
- Synonym: माफ़ी (māfī)
- मैं आपसे क्षमा माँगता हूँ।
- ma͠i āpse kṣamā māṅgtā hū̃.
- I request forgiveness from you.
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | क्षमा kṣamā |
क्षमाएँ kṣamāẽ |
| oblique | क्षमा kṣamā |
क्षमाओं kṣamāõ |
| vocative | क्षमा kṣamā |
क्षमाओ kṣamāo |
Proper noun
क्षमा • (kṣamā) f (Urdu spelling کشما)
- a female given name, Kshama, from Sanskrit
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | क्षमा kṣamā |
क्षमाएँ kṣamāẽ |
| oblique | क्षमा kṣamā |
क्षमाओं kṣamāõ |
| vocative | क्षमा kṣamā |
क्षमाओ kṣamāo |
Further reading
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “क्षमा”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
- Platts, John T. (1884) “क्षमा”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
Marathi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā), through Old Marathi 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘰 (kṣamā).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kʂə.ma/
- Hyphenation: क्ष‧मा
- Rhymes: -a
Noun
क्षमा • (kṣamā) f
- forgiveness, pardon
- Synonym: माफी (māphī)
- मी तुमची क्षमा मागतो ― mī tumcī kṣamā māgto ― I beg for your forgiveness
- (rare) patience
- (rare) endurance
- (archaic, literary) the Earth
Declension
| Declension of क्षमा (fem ā-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| direct singular |
क्षमा kṣamā | ||
| direct plural |
क्षमा kṣamā | ||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन | ||
| nominative प्रथमा |
क्षमा kṣamā |
क्षमा kṣamā | |
| oblique सामान्यरूप |
क्षमे kṣame |
क्षमां- kṣamān- | |
| acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी |
क्षमेला kṣamelā |
क्षमांना kṣamānnā | |
| ergative | क्षमेने, क्षमेनं kṣamene, kṣamena |
क्षमांनी kṣamānnī | |
| instrumental | क्षमेशी kṣameśī |
क्षमांशी kṣamānśī | |
| locative सप्तमी |
क्षमेत kṣamet |
क्षमांत kṣamāt | |
| vocative संबोधन |
क्षमे kṣame |
क्षमांनो kṣamānno | |
| Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition. | |||
| Genitive declension of क्षमा (fem ā-stem) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म |
feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म |
neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म |
oblique सामान्यरूप | |||||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular* एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
|||
| singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता |
क्षमेचा kṣameċā |
क्षमेचे kṣameċe |
क्षमेची kṣamecī |
क्षमेच्या kṣamecā |
क्षमेचे, क्षमेचं kṣameċe, kṣameċa |
क्षमेची kṣamecī |
क्षमेच्या kṣamecā | |
| plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता |
क्षमांचा kṣamānċā |
क्षमांचे kṣamānċe |
क्षमांची kṣamāñcī |
क्षमांच्या kṣamāncā |
क्षमांचे, क्षमांचं kṣamānċe, kṣamānċa |
क्षमांची kṣamāñcī |
क्षमांच्या kṣamāñcā | |
| * Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition. | ||||||||
Proper noun
क्षमा • (kṣamā) f
- a female given name, Kshama, from Sanskrit
References
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “क्षमा”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
- Shankar Gopal Tulpule, Anne Feldhaus (1999) “क्षमा”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- ক্ষমা (Assamese script)
- ᬓ᭄ᬱᬫᬵ (Balinese script)
- ক্ষমা (Bengali script)
- 𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰦𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀫𑀸 (Brahmi script)
- က္ၑမာ (Burmese script)
- ક્ષમા (Gujarati script)
- ਕ੍ਸ਼ਮਾ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌮𑌾 (Grantha script)
- ꦏ꧀ꦰꦩꦴ (Javanese script)
- 𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂧𑂰 (Kaithi script)
- ಕ್ಷಮಾ (Kannada script)
- ក្ឞមា (Khmer script)
- ກ຺ຩມາ (Lao script)
- ക്ഷമാ (Malayalam script)
- ᡬᢢᠠᠮᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
- 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘰 (Modi script)
- ᢉᢔᠠᠮᠠ᠋ᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧆𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐩𑐵 (Newa script)
- କ୍ଷମା (Odia script)
- ꢒ꣄ꢰꢪꢵ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆩𑆳 (Sharada script)
- 𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖦𑖯 (Siddham script)
- ක්ෂමා (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩴𑩛 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚊𑚶𑚢𑚭 (Takri script)
- க்ஷமா (Tamil script)
- క్షమా (Telugu script)
- กฺษมา (Thai script)
- ཀྵ་མཱ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒧𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨢𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /kʂɐ.mɑː/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /kʂɐ.mɑː/
Etymology 1
From the root क्षम् (kṣam, “to be patient”) + -आ (-ā).
Noun
क्षमा • (kṣamā) stem, f
- patience, forbearance, indulgence
- patience (personified as a daughter of Dakṣa and wife of Pulaha)
- tameness (as of an antelope)
- resistance
- name of Durga
- the khadira tree (Acacia catechu)
- name of a female shepherd
- name of a species of the atijagatī- metre
- of a śākta authoress of mantras
- of a river (equals vetravatī-)
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | क्षमा (kṣamā) | क्षमे (kṣame) | क्षमाः (kṣamāḥ) |
| accusative | क्षमाम् (kṣamām) | क्षमे (kṣame) | क्षमाः (kṣamāḥ) |
| instrumental | क्षमया (kṣamayā) क्षमा¹ (kṣamā¹) |
क्षमाभ्याम् (kṣamābhyām) | क्षमाभिः (kṣamābhiḥ) |
| dative | क्षमायै (kṣamāyai) | क्षमाभ्याम् (kṣamābhyām) | क्षमाभ्यः (kṣamābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | क्षमायाः (kṣamāyāḥ) क्षमायै² (kṣamāyai²) |
क्षमाभ्याम् (kṣamābhyām) | क्षमाभ्यः (kṣamābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | क्षमायाः (kṣamāyāḥ) क्षमायै² (kṣamāyai²) |
क्षमयोः (kṣamayoḥ) | क्षमाणाम् (kṣamāṇām) |
| locative | क्षमायाम् (kṣamāyām) | क्षमयोः (kṣamayoḥ) | क्षमासु (kṣamāsu) |
| vocative | क्षमे (kṣame) | क्षमे (kṣame) | क्षमाः (kṣamāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
Descendants
- Assamese: ক্ষমা (khoma)
- Bengali: ক্ষমা (khoma)
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀫𑀸 (khamā)
- → Old Marathi: 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘰 (kṣamā)
- Marathi: क्षमा (kṣamā)
- → Nepali: क्षमा (kṣamā)
- Pali: khamā
- Punjabi: ਖਿਮਾ (khimā)
- Sindhi: کِما
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀙𑀫𑀸 (chamā)
- Awadhi: छमा (chamā)
- Marwari: छमा (chamā)
- → Gujarati: ક્ષમા (kṣamā) (learned)
- → Hindustani: (learned)
- Kannada: ಕ್ಷಮೆ (kṣame)
- → Tamil: க்ஷமை (kṣamai) / சமை (camai)
- → Telugu: క్షమ (kṣama)
- → Chinese: 懺摩 / 忏摩 (chànmó)
- Vietnamese: 懺摩 (sám-ma)
Etymology 2
From क्षम् (kṣám, “earth, ground”), but the suffix is unclear, possibly instrumental singular.[1]
Adverb
क्षमा • (kṣamā́)
- on the earth, on the floor
Etymology 3
From क्षम् (kṣám, “earth, ground”) + -आ (-ā).
Noun
क्षमा • (kṣamā) stem, f
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | क्षमा (kṣamā) | क्षमे (kṣame) | क्षमाः (kṣamāḥ) |
| accusative | क्षमाम् (kṣamām) | क्षमे (kṣame) | क्षमाः (kṣamāḥ) |
| instrumental | क्षमया (kṣamayā) क्षमा¹ (kṣamā¹) |
क्षमाभ्याम् (kṣamābhyām) | क्षमाभिः (kṣamābhiḥ) |
| dative | क्षमायै (kṣamāyai) | क्षमाभ्याम् (kṣamābhyām) | क्षमाभ्यः (kṣamābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | क्षमायाः (kṣamāyāḥ) क्षमायै² (kṣamāyai²) |
क्षमाभ्याम् (kṣamābhyām) | क्षमाभ्यः (kṣamābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | क्षमायाः (kṣamāyāḥ) क्षमायै² (kṣamāyai²) |
क्षमयोः (kṣamayoḥ) | क्षमाणाम् (kṣamāṇām) |
| locative | क्षमायाम् (kṣamāyām) | क्षमयोः (kṣamayoḥ) | क्षमासु (kṣamāsu) |
| vocative | क्षमे (kṣame) | क्षमे (kṣame) | क्षमाः (kṣamāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
Descendants
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀫𑀸 (khamā)
- Old Marathi: 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘰 (kṣamā) / 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘹𑘦𑘰 (kṣemā)
- → Marathi: क्षमा (kṣamā)
- Pali: khamā
- → Telugu: క్షమ (kṣama)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “क्षमा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 326.
- ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 97: “kṣamā́ 'auf der Erde, zu Boden' ...”