जल

See also: ज़ल, जेल, जाली, जाल, and জল

Bhojpuri

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jala)

Noun

जल (jal) m (Kaithi 𑂔𑂪)

water

Hindi

Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒəl/, [d͡ʒɐl]
Rhymes: -əl

Etymology 1

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀚𑀮 (jala), from Sanskrit जल (jalá).

Noun

जल • (jal) m (Urdu spelling جل)

water
Synonyms: आब (āb), पानी (pānī)

Declension

Declension of जल (masc cons-stem)
	singular	plural
direct	जल jal	जल jal
oblique	जल jal	जलों jalõ
vocative	जल jal	जलो jalo

Related terms

जल चक्र (jal cakra)
जलकर (jalkar)
जलघुमर (jalghumar)
जलचालित (jalcālit)
जलडाकू (jalḍākū)
जलधि (jaldhi)
जलनिकासी (jalnikāsī)
जलपरी (jalaprī)
जलविभाजन (jalvibhājan)
जलसिंह (jalsĩh)
भूजल (bhūjal)

Etymology 2

Verb

जल • (jal)

inflection of जलना (jalnā):
1. stem
2. second-person singular intimate present imperative

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jala). Doublet of जळ (jaḷ).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʑəl/

Noun

जल • (jal) n

(Chemistry) water
Synonyms: पाणी (pāṇī), उदक (udak), तोय (toy), नीर (nīr)

Declension

Declension of जल (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	जल jal
direct plural	जले, जलं jale, jala
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	जल jal	जले, जलं jale, jala
oblique सामान्यरूप	जला jalā	जलां- jalān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	जलाला jalālā	जलांना jalānnā
ergative	जलाने, जलानं jalāne, jalāna	जलांनी jalānnī
instrumental	जलाशी jalāśī	जलांशी jalānśī
locative सप्तमी	जलात jalāt	जलांत jalāt
vocative संबोधन	जला jalā	जलांनो jalānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of जल (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular^* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	oblique सामान्यरूप
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	जलाचा jalāċā	जलाचे jalāċe	जलाची jalācī	जलाच्या jalācā	जलाचे, जलाचं jalāċe, jalāċa	जलाची jalācī	जलाच्या jalācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	जलांचा jalānċā	जलांचे jalānċe	जलांची jalāñcī	जलांच्या jalāncā	जलांचे, जलांचं jalānċe, jalānċa	जलांची jalāñcī	जलांच्या jalāñcā
^* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

भूजल (bhūjal, “groundwater”)

References

Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “जल”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

Nepali

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jalá).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [d͡zʌl]
Phonetic Devanagari: जल्

Noun

जल • (jal)

water
Synonym: पानी (pānī)

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

jala (Latin script)
𑀚𑀮 (Brahmi script)
জল (Bengali script)
ජල (Sinhalese script)
ဇလ or ၹလ (Burmese script)
ชล or ชะละ (Thai script)
ᨩᩃ (Tai Tham script)
ຊລ or ຊະລະ (Lao script)
ជល (Khmer script)
𑄎𑄣 (Chakma script)

Noun

जल n

Devanagari script form of jala (“water”)

Declension

Declension table of "जल" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जलं (jalaṃ)	जलानि (jalāni)
Accusative (second)	जलं (jalaṃ)	जलानि (jalāni)
Instrumental (third)	जलेन (jalena)	जलेहि (jalehi) or जलेभि (jalebhi)
Dative (fourth)	जलस्स (jalassa) or जलाय (jalāya) or जलत्थं (jalatthaṃ)	जलानं (jalānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	जलस्मा (jalasmā) or जलम्हा (jalamhā) or जला (jalā)	जलेहि (jalehi) or जलेभि (jalebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	जलस्स (jalassa)	जलानं (jalānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	जलस्मिं (jalasmiṃ) or जलम्हि (jalamhi) or जले (jale)	जलेसु (jalesu)
Vocative (calling)	जल (jala)	जलानि (jalāni)

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

জল (Assamese script)
ᬚᬮ (Balinese script)
জল (Bengali script)
𑰕𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀚𑀮 (Brahmi script)
ဇလ (Burmese script)
જલ (Gujarati script)
ਜਲ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌜𑌲 (Grantha script)
ꦗꦭ (Javanese script)
𑂔𑂪 (Kaithi script)
ಜಲ (Kannada script)
ជល (Khmer script)
ຊລ (Lao script)
ജല (Malayalam script)
ᡯᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘕𑘩 (Modi script)
ᠽᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦵𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
𑐖𑐮 (Newa script)
ଜଲ (Odia script)
ꢙꢭ (Saurashtra script)
𑆘𑆬 (Sharada script)
𑖕𑖩 (Siddham script)
ජල (Sinhalese script)
𑩣𑩽 (Soyombo script)
𑚑𑚥 (Takri script)
ஜல (Tamil script)
జల (Telugu script)
ชล (Thai script)
ཛ་ལ (Tibetan script)
𑒖𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
𑨥𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

From जल् (jal, “to be sharp; to be stiff or dull”).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑɐ.lɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑɐ.l̪ɐ/

Adjective

जल • (jalá) stem

stupid, unintelligent, dumb

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जल
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	जलः (jaláḥ)	जलौ (jalaú) जला¹ (jalā́¹)	जलाः (jalā́ḥ) जलासः¹ (jalā́saḥ¹)
accusative	जलम् (jalám)	जलौ (jalaú) जला¹ (jalā́¹)	जलान् (jalā́n)
instrumental	जलेन (jaléna)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलैः (jalaíḥ) जलेभिः¹ (jalébhiḥ¹)
dative	जलाय (jalā́ya)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलेभ्यः (jalébhyaḥ)
ablative	जलात् (jalā́t)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलेभ्यः (jalébhyaḥ)
genitive	जलस्य (jalásya)	जलयोः (jaláyoḥ)	जलानाम् (jalā́nām)
locative	जले (jalé)	जलयोः (jaláyoḥ)	जलेषु (jaléṣu)
vocative	जल (jála)	जलौ (jálau) जला¹ (jálā¹)	जलाः (jálāḥ) जलासः¹ (jálāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of जला
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	जला (jalā́)	जले (jalé)	जलाः (jalā́ḥ)
accusative	जलाम् (jalā́m)	जले (jalé)	जलाः (jalā́ḥ)
instrumental	जलया (jaláyā) जला¹ (jalā́¹)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलाभिः (jalā́bhiḥ)
dative	जलायै (jalā́yai)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलाभ्यः (jalā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	जलायाः (jalā́yāḥ) जलायै² (jalā́yai²)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलाभ्यः (jalā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	जलायाः (jalā́yāḥ) जलायै² (jalā́yai²)	जलयोः (jaláyoḥ)	जलानाम् (jalā́nām)
locative	जलायाम् (jalā́yām)	जलयोः (jaláyoḥ)	जलासु (jalā́su)
vocative	जले (jále)	जले (jále)	जलाः (jálāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of जल
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	जलम् (jalám)	जले (jalé)	जलानि (jalā́ni) जला¹ (jalā́¹)
accusative	जलम् (jalám)	जले (jalé)	जलानि (jalā́ni) जला¹ (jalā́¹)
instrumental	जलेन (jaléna)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलैः (jalaíḥ) जलेभिः¹ (jalébhiḥ¹)
dative	जलाय (jalā́ya)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलेभ्यः (jalébhyaḥ)
ablative	जलात् (jalā́t)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलेभ्यः (jalébhyaḥ)
genitive	जलस्य (jalásya)	जलयोः (jaláyoḥ)	जलानाम् (jalā́nām)
locative	जले (jalé)	जलयोः (jaláyoḥ)	जलेषु (jaléṣu)
vocative	जल (jála)	जले (jále)	जलानि (jálāni) जला¹ (jálā¹)

¹Vedic

Noun

जल • (jalá) stem, m

a stupid man, idiot

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जल
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	जलः (jaláḥ)	जलौ (jalaú) जला¹ (jalā́¹)	जलाः (jalā́ḥ) जलासः¹ (jalā́saḥ¹)
accusative	जलम् (jalám)	जलौ (jalaú) जला¹ (jalā́¹)	जलान् (jalā́n)
instrumental	जलेन (jaléna)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलैः (jalaíḥ) जलेभिः¹ (jalébhiḥ¹)
dative	जलाय (jalā́ya)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलेभ्यः (jalébhyaḥ)
ablative	जलात् (jalā́t)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलेभ्यः (jalébhyaḥ)
genitive	जलस्य (jalásya)	जलयोः (jaláyoḥ)	जलानाम् (jalā́nām)
locative	जले (jalé)	जलयोः (jaláyoḥ)	जलेषु (jaléṣu)
vocative	जल (jála)	जलौ (jálau) जला¹ (jálā¹)	जलाः (jálāḥ) जलासः¹ (jálāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Etymology 2

Of unclear origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelHo-, from *gʷel- (“to dribble; gush forth; spring; squirt; throw”), and thus cognate with गल् (gal, “to drip”) and German quellen (“(of water) to well, issue forth”). A local substrate origin is possible, though quite unlikely due to the word being attested in Vedic texts and lacking typical substrate features (e.g. retroflexion, variation between aspirated and deaspirated forms). Related to Vedic Sanskrit जलाष (jalāṣa), of uncertain meaning; not related to Latin gelū (“frost”).

Noun

जल • (jalá) stem, n

water
Synonyms: see Thesaurus:जल

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of जल
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	जलम् (jalám)	जले (jalé)	जलानि (jalā́ni) जला¹ (jalā́¹)
accusative	जलम् (jalám)	जले (jalé)	जलानि (jalā́ni) जला¹ (jalā́¹)
instrumental	जलेन (jaléna)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलैः (jalaíḥ) जलेभिः¹ (jalébhiḥ¹)
dative	जलाय (jalā́ya)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलेभ्यः (jalébhyaḥ)
ablative	जलात् (jalā́t)	जलाभ्याम् (jalā́bhyām)	जलेभ्यः (jalébhyaḥ)
genitive	जलस्य (jalásya)	जलयोः (jaláyoḥ)	जलानाम् (jalā́nām)
locative	जले (jalé)	जलयोः (jaláyoḥ)	जलेषु (jaléṣu)
vocative	जल (jála)	जले (jále)	जलानि (jálāni) जला¹ (jálā¹)

¹Vedic

Synonyms

पानीय (pānīya)

Descendants

Prakrit: 𑀚𑀮 (jala)
- Assamese: জল (zol)
- Bengali: জল (jol)
- Dardic:
  - Kashmiri: زَل (zal, “urine”)
- Hindustani:
  Hindi: जल (jal)
  Urdu: جل
- Marathi: जल (jal)
- Nepali: जल (jal)
- Pali: jala
- Punjabi:
  Gurmukhi script: ਜਲ (jal)
  Shahmukhi script: جل (jal)
- Sylheti: ꠎꠟ (zol)
Gandhari: 𐨗𐨫 (jala)
Pali: jala
- → Thai: ชล (chon)
- → Khmer: ជល (cɔɔl)
→ Kannada: ಜಲ (jala)
→ Malayalam: ജലം (jalaṁ)
→ Tamil: ஜலம் (jalam)
→ Telugu: జలము (jalamu)
→ Sinhalese: ජලය (jalaya)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “जल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 414/2.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “jarbhárī - jálāṣa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 579
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) “jartaḥ — jalūkā”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 423