मृद्
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- মৃদ্ (Assamese script)
- ᬫᬺᬤ᭄ (Balinese script)
- মৃদ্ (Bengali script)
- 𑰦𑰴𑰟𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀫𑀾𑀤𑁆 (Brahmi script)
- မၖဒ် (Burmese script)
- મૃદ્ (Gujarati script)
- ਮ੍ਰਦ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌮𑍃𑌦𑍍 (Grantha script)
- ꦩꦽꦢ꧀ (Javanese script)
- 𑂧𑃂𑂠𑂹 (Kaithi script)
- ಮೃದ್ (Kannada script)
- ម្ឫទ៑ (Khmer script)
- ມ຺ຣິທ຺ (Lao script)
- മൃദ് (Malayalam script)
- ᠮᡵᡳᡩ (Manchu script)
- 𑘦𑘵𑘟𑘿 (Modi script)
- ᠮᠷᠢᢑ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧆𑧖𑦿𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐩𑐺𑐡𑑂 (Newa script)
- ମୃଦ୍ (Odia script)
- ꢪꢺꢣ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆩𑆸𑆢𑇀 (Sharada script)
- 𑖦𑖴𑖟𑖿 (Siddham script)
- මෘද් (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩴𑩙𑩭 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚢𑚛𑚶 (Takri script)
- ம்ரித்³ (Tamil script)
- మృద్ (Telugu script)
- มฺฤทฺ (Thai script)
- མྲྀ་ད྄ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒧𑒵𑒠𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨢𑨼𑨉𑨛𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /mŕ̩d/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /mr̩d̪/
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /mr̩d/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /mr̩d̪/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *mŕ̥ts, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mŕ̥ts, from Proto-Indo-European *mĺ̥dʰ-s. Cognate with मृदु (mṛdu, “soft, weak”) Ancient Greek μάλθη (málthē), Old English molde (whence English mold).
Noun
मृद् • (mṛ́d) stem, f
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | मृत् (mṛ́t) | मृदौ (mṛ́dau) मृदा¹ (mṛ́dā¹) |
मृदः (mṛ́daḥ) |
| accusative | मृदम् (mṛ́dam) | मृदौ (mṛ́dau) मृदा¹ (mṛ́dā¹) |
मृदः (mṛ́daḥ) |
| instrumental | मृदा (mṛdā́) | मृद्भ्याम् (mṛdbhyā́m) | मृद्भिः (mṛdbhíḥ) |
| dative | मृदे (mṛdé) | मृद्भ्याम् (mṛdbhyā́m) | मृद्भ्यः (mṛdbhyáḥ) |
| ablative | मृदः (mṛdáḥ) | मृद्भ्याम् (mṛdbhyā́m) | मृद्भ्यः (mṛdbhyáḥ) |
| genitive | मृदः (mṛdáḥ) | मृदोः (mṛdóḥ) | मृदाम् (mṛdā́m) |
| locative | मृदि (mṛdí) | मृदोः (mṛdóḥ) | मृत्सु (mṛtsú) |
| vocative | मृत् (mṛ́t) | मृदौ (mṛ́dau) मृदा¹ (mṛ́dā¹) |
मृदः (mṛ́daḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- → Tamil: மிருதை (mirutai)
Etymology 2
From a conflation of two roots, Proto-Indo-European *(s)merd- (“to hurt, sting”) (represented by मर्द् (mard, “to crush”))[1] and *mled-, *(s)meld- (“to be soft, melt”) (represented by म्रद् (mrad, “to be weak, soft”)). The two roots became confused within Indo-Aryan early on during the Vedic era. Examples for each root include मर्दति (mardati) for the former, and विम्रद् (vimrad, “to soften”) and perhaps मृदु (mṛdu) for the latter.[2][3]
Alternative forms
- मर्द् (mard, “to crush”), म्रद् (mrad, “to be soft”)
Root
मृद् • (mṛd)
- to press, squeeze, crush, smash, trample down, tread upon,
- to destroy, kill, waste, ravage, kill, slay
- to rub, stroke, wipe (e.g. the forehead)
- to rub into, mingle with
- to rub against, touch, pass through (a constellation)
- to overcome, surpass
Derived terms
Sanskrit terms belonging to the root मृद् (0 c, 3 e)
Terms derived from the Sanskrit root मृद् (1 c, 0 e)
- Primary Verbal Forms
- मृद्नाति (mṛdnāti) (Present)
- मर्दति (mardati) (Present)
- मर्दिष्यति (mardiṣyati) (Future)
- अमर्दीत् (amardīt) (Aorist)
- मृद्यात् (mṛdyāt) (Benedictive)
- ममर्द (mamarda) (Perfect)
- Secondary Forms
- मृद्यते (mṛdyáte) (Passive)
- मर्दयति (mardayati) (Causative)
- अमीमृदत् (amīmṛdat) (Causative Aorist)
- अममर्दत् (amamardat) (Causative Aorist)
- मर्द्यते (mardyate) (Passive of Causative)
- मिमर्दिषति (mimardiṣati) (Desiderative)
- मर्मर्त्ति (marmartti) (Intensive)
- मरीमर्त्ति (marīmartti) (Intensive)
- मरीमृद्यते (marīmṛdyate) (Intensive)
- Non-Finite Forms
- मृदित (mṛditá) (Past Participle)
- मर्दितुम् (marditum) (Infinitive)
- मर्दितोस् (marditos) (Infinitive)
- म्रदे (mradé) (Infinitive)
- मृदित्वा (mṛditvā) (Gerund)
- मृद्य (mṛ́dya) (Gerund)
- मर्द्य (mardya) (Gerundive)
- मर्दनीय (mardanīya) (Gerundive)
- मर्दितव्य (marditavya) (Gerundive)
- मिमर्दिषु (mimardiṣu) (Desiderative Participle)
- मिमर्दयिषु (mimardayiṣu) (Desiderative Participle of Causative)
- Derived Nominal Forms
- Prefixed Root Forms
- प्रमृद् (pramṛd)
- विमृद् (vimṛd)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “मृद्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 830, columns 1-2.
- William Dwight Whitney (1885) The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 126
- Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “मृद्”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press
- Otto Böhtlingk, Richard Schmidt (1879-1928) “मृद्”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2025) “mṛd”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 328; 372; 386-7
- Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 373
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 735
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 303
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 316-7
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 179-80