व्याघ्र

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

ৱ্যাঘ্ৰ (Assamese script)
ᬯ᭄ᬬᬵᬖ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
ব্যাঘ্র (Bengali script)
𑰪𑰿𑰧𑰯𑰑𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀯𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀖𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
ဝျာဃြ (Burmese script)
વ્યાઘ્ર (Gujarati script)
ਵ੍ਯਾਘ੍ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌵𑍍𑌯𑌾𑌘𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
ꦮꦾꦴꦓꦿ (Javanese script)
𑂫𑂹𑂨𑂰𑂐𑂹𑂩 (Kaithi script)
ವ್ಯಾಘ್ರ (Kannada script)
វ្យាឃ្រ (Khmer script)
ວ຺ຍາຆ຺ຣ (Lao script)
വ്യാഘ്ര (Malayalam script)
ᠸᠶᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢚᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘪𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘑𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
ᠸᠶ᠋ᠠᢗᠺᠾᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑧊𑧠𑧇𑧑𑦱𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐑𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
ଵ୍ଯାଘ୍ର (Odia script)
ꢮ꣄ꢫꢵꢕ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
𑆮𑇀𑆪𑆳𑆔𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
𑖪𑖿𑖧𑖯𑖑𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
ව්‍යාඝ්‍ර (Sinhalese script)
𑩾 𑪙𑩻𑩛𑩟 𑪙𑩼 (Soyombo script)
𑚦𑚶𑚣𑚭𑚍𑚶𑚤 (Takri script)
வ்யாக்⁴ர (Tamil script)
వ్యాఘ్ర (Telugu script)
วฺยาฆฺร (Thai script)
ཝྱཱ་གྷྲ (Tibetan script)
𑒫𑓂𑒨𑒰𑒒𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
𑨭𑩇𑨪𑨊𑨎𑩇𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Unknown; perhaps from Proto-Indo-Aryan *wiHaHagʰrás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wiHaHagʰrás, from Proto-Indo-European *wih₁-h₂oh₂ogʰró-s, from *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue”) + *h₂o-h₂o-gʰr-ó-s, from *gʰer- (“yellow, orange”). Possible cognate with Ancient Greek ὠχρός (ōkhrós, “ochre, pale”).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ʋjɑːɡʱ.ɾɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ʋjɑːɡʱ.ɾɐ/

Noun

व्याघ्र • (vyāghrá) stem, m ^[3]^[4]^[5]

a tiger (not in RV., but in AV., often mentioned with the lion; according to R. III, 30, 26, शार्दूली (śārdūlī) is the mythical mother of tigers; but in वह्निपुराण (vahni-purāṇa) they are said to be the offspring of कश्यप (kaśyapa)'s wife दंष्ट्रा (daṃṣṭrā); compare चित्रव्याघ्र (citra-vyāghra)) (AV. etc.)
any pre-eminently strong or noble person, "a tiger among men" (compare ऋषभ (ṛṣabha), सिंह (siṃha))
Millettia pinnata (L.)
a red variety of the castor-oil plant (L.)
name of a rākṣasa (VP.)
name of a king (Rājat.)
name of various authors (also abridged from व्याघ्रपद् (vyāghra-pad)) (Cat.)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of व्याघ्र
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	व्याघ्रः (vyāghráḥ)	व्याघ्रौ (vyāghraú) व्याघ्रा¹ (vyāghrā́¹)	व्याघ्राः (vyāghrā́ḥ) व्याघ्रासः¹ (vyāghrā́saḥ¹)
accusative	व्याघ्रम् (vyāghrám)	व्याघ्रौ (vyāghraú) व्याघ्रा¹ (vyāghrā́¹)	व्याघ्रान् (vyāghrā́n)
instrumental	व्याघ्रेण (vyāghréṇa)	व्याघ्राभ्याम् (vyāghrā́bhyām)	व्याघ्रैः (vyāghraíḥ) व्याघ्रेभिः¹ (vyāghrébhiḥ¹)
dative	व्याघ्राय (vyāghrā́ya)	व्याघ्राभ्याम् (vyāghrā́bhyām)	व्याघ्रेभ्यः (vyāghrébhyaḥ)
ablative	व्याघ्रात् (vyāghrā́t)	व्याघ्राभ्याम् (vyāghrā́bhyām)	व्याघ्रेभ्यः (vyāghrébhyaḥ)
genitive	व्याघ्रस्य (vyāghrásya)	व्याघ्रयोः (vyāghráyoḥ)	व्याघ्राणाम् (vyāghrā́ṇām)
locative	व्याघ्रे (vyāghré)	व्याघ्रयोः (vyāghráyoḥ)	व्याघ्रेषु (vyāghréṣu)
vocative	व्याघ्र (vyā́ghra)	व्याघ्रौ (vyā́ghrau) व्याघ्रा¹ (vyā́ghrā¹)	व्याघ्राः (vyā́ghrāḥ) व्याघ्रासः¹ (vyā́ghrāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Descendants

Dardic:
- Shina: بگ (băg)
Pali: byaggha, vyaggha
Prakrit: 𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀖 (vaggha)
- Central:
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀖 (vaggha)
    - Gujarati: વાઘ (vāgh)
    - Hindustani: bāgh
      Hindi: बाघ
      Urdu: باگھ
    - Saurashtra: ꢮꢵꢔ꣄ (vāg)
  - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀖 (vaggha)
    - Awadhi: बाघ (bāgh)
- Eastern:
  - Magadhi Prakrit: *𑀩𑀸𑀕𑁆𑀖 (*bāggha)
    - Assamese: বাঘ (bagh)
    - Bengali: বাঘ (bagh)
    - Bihari:
      - Bhojpuri: bāgh
        Devanagari script: बाघ
        
        Kaithi script: 𑂥𑂰𑂐
      - Maithili: बाघ (bāgh)
    - Bishnupriya Manipuri: বাঘ
    - Odia: ବାଘ (bāgha)
    - Rohingya: bag
    - Sylheti: ꠛꠣꠊ (bagó)
    - Tanchangya: 𑄝𑄊𑄴 (bagh)
- Northern:
  - Khasa Prakrit:
    - Central Pahari:
      - Garhwali: बाग (bāg)
      - Kumaoni: बाग (bāg)
    - Eastern Pahari:
      - Nepali: बाघ (bāgh), बाग (bāg)
    - Western Pahari:
      - Bhadrawahi: ढ्ळाह्ग (ḍhḷāhg), ढ्ळाग (ḍhḷāg)
      - Churahi: ब्राह्ग (brāhg)
      - Kangri: बराघ (barāgh)
- Northwestern:
  - Paisaci Prakrit:
    - Takka Apabhramsa:
      - Punjabi: bāgh
        Gurmukhi script: ਬਾਘ
        
        Shahmukhi script: باگھ
    - Vracada Apabhramsa:
      - Sindhi: vāghu
        Arabic script: وَاگهُ
        
        Devanagari script: वाघु
        
        Jadgali: [script needed] (brāgg)
- Southern:
  - Helu Prakrit:
    - Dhivehi: ވަގު (vagu)
    - Sinhalese: වග (waga)
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀖 (vaggha)
    - Konkani: vāgu
      Devanagari script: वागु
      
      Latin script: vagu
      
      Kannada script: ವಾಗು
    - Marathi: वाघ (vāgh)

Borrowed terms

→ Old Armenian: վագր (vagr) (perhaps via an Iranian borrowing)
→ Old Georgian: ვიგრი (vigri) (perhaps via an Iranian borrowing)
→ Malayalam: വ്യാഘ്രം (vyāghraṁ)
→ Telugu: వ్యాఘ్రము (vyāghramu)
→? English: Viagra

References

^ Boisacq, Émile (1916) “ωχρός”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque (in French), Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 1085
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 329
^ “व्याघ्र॑” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 529, column 2.
^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “व्याघ्र”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 303
^ Monier Williams (1899) “Vyāghrá”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1036/2.

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “vyaghra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 706

[1] Boisacq, Émile (1916) “ωχρός”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque (in French), Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 1085

[2] Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 329

[3] “व्याघ्र॑” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 529, column 2.

[4] Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “व्याघ्र”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 303

[5] Monier Williams (1899) “Vyāghrá”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1036/2.

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