アイヌ
See also: アィヌ
Ainu
Alternative forms
Etymology
Proto-Ainu *aynu HL (< *a(n)=inu ?) (“person”, “man (in general)”).[1]
Proto-Ainu *aynu HL (“person”).[2]
Attested as early as 1822 as "Aïno-Moxori" as part of アイヌモシㇼ, transcribed as "Aino moxori" or "Aino mosir" as the name of Hokkaido, meaning "land of the Aino [Ainu]".[3][4]
Noun
アイヌ (Latin spelling aynu)
- (Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kuril, South Kuril) person, human being
- (Hokkaido, Sakhalin) (more specifically) Ainu person; the Ainu people
- (Hokkaido, Sakhalin) man (adult male)
- comrade
- (with possessives) father, husband
Usage notes
This spelling is more common than アィヌ.
The Ainu pronunciation of this term has only two morae, so academic materials may spell this term in kana with the small ィ, or in romaji with a y, to explicitly indicate that the initial vowel is the single-mora diphthong ay (/ai̯/), and not the two-mora diphthong a i (/a.i/).
However, there is no three-mora term a i nu in the Ainu language, and most Ainu texts written in katakana use this spelling instead.
In traditional Ainu society, lazy people were known as ウェンペ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ʔájꜜnù]
| area | pronunciation |
|---|---|
| Yakumo (八雲) | 'áynu |
| Oshamambe (長万部) | 'áynu |
| Horobetsu (幌別) | 'áynu |
| Hiratori (平取) | 'áynu |
| Nukkibetsu (貫気別) | 'áynu |
| Niikappu (新冠) | 'áynu |
| Samani (様似) | 'áynu |
| Obihiro (帯広) | 'áynu |
| Kushiro (釧路) | 'áynu |
| Bihoro (美幌) | 'áynu |
| Asahikawa (旭川) | 'áynu |
| Nayoro (名寄) | 'áynu |
| Soya (宗谷) | 'áynu |
| Ochiho (落帆) | 'áynu |
| Tarantomari (多蘭泊) | 'áynu |
| Maoka (真岡) | 'áynu |
| Shiraura (白浦) | 'áynu |
| Raichishka (ライチシカ) | 'áynu |
| Nairo (内路) | 'áynu |
Synonyms
- ウタリ (senses for "comrade, fellow" and "Ainu people")
| Ainu dialectal forms of アイヌ (“person [man in general]”) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| view map; edit data | |||
| Group | Region | Location | Words |
| Hokkaido Ainu | Southern/Central | Biratori | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) |
| Horobetsu | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))), ウタㇻ ('utár 《人々》((H))) | ||
| Niikappu | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) | ||
| Nukkibetsu | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) | ||
| Oshamambe | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) | ||
| Samani | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) | ||
| Saru | アイヌ (áynu), クㇽ (kur 《…ひと》), ウタㇻ ('utár 《人々》((H))), アイヌピト (aynupito((C3))) | ||
| Yakumo | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) | ||
| Northern | Asahikawa | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))), クㇽ (-kur), アイヌウタㇻ ('áynu 'utár 《はらから》((H))) | |
| Nayoro | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))), クㇽ (-kur), ウタㇻ ('utár 《人々》((H))) | ||
| Soya | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))), トノ (tonó《上の人》((H))) | ||
| Eastern | Bihoro | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) | |
| Kushiro | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))), ピト (pito《人》), ピトウタリ (pito-utari《人たち》((K2021))) | ||
| Nemuro | シサㇺ (sisam(人|[誠の生まれた様])((F2016))) | ||
| Obihiro | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) | ||
| Sakhalin Ainu | West Coast | Maoka | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) |
| Raichishka | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))), エンチウ ('enciw[良]), トノウタㇵ (tono 'utah《偉い人》((H))) | ||
| Tarantomari | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) | ||
| East Coast | Nairo | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) | |
| Ochiho | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) | ||
| Shiraura | アイヌ ('áynu((HC))) | ||
| Kuril Ainu | Northern | Shumshu | アイノ (aino (118)), クル (kuru (120)), グル (guru (123)((H))) |
| Southern | South Kuril | アイヌ (aynu(人間)((BS))) | |
| This table shows various dialectal forms in Ainu languages. The classification into Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Kuril groups is based on geographical distribution. | |||
| ((CW)): 知里真志保・和田文治郎（1943）「樺太アイヌ語に於ける人体関係名彙」『樺太庁博物館報告』5(1): 39-80 | |||
| ((C1)): 知里真志保（1953）『分類アイヌ語辞典. 第1巻 (植物篇)』日本常民文化研究所 | |||
| ((C3)): 知里真志保（1954）『分類アイヌ語辞典. 第3巻 (人間篇)』日本常民文化研究所 | |||
| ((HC)): 服部四郎・知里真志保（1960）「アイヌ語諸方言の基礎語彙統計学的研究」『民族學研究』24(4): 307-342，日本文化人類学会 | |||
| ((C2)): 知里真志保（1962）『分類アイヌ語辞典. 第2巻 (動物篇)』日本常民文化研究所 | |||
| ((H)): 服部四郎 編（1964）『アイヌ語方言辞典』岩波書店 | |||
| ((V)): Alexander Vovin (1993) A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu. Leiden: E.J. Brill | |||
| ((F2016)): 深澤美香（2016）「〈資料紹介〉加賀家文書「［蝦夷語和解］」―蝦夷通辞・加賀伝蔵による『藻汐草』の語釈本―」千葉大学大学院人文社会科学研究科研究プロジェクト報告書 298: 81 | |||
| ((K2021)): 釧路アイヌ語の会 編（2021）『釧路地方のアイヌ語語彙集』藤田印刷エクセレントブックス | |||
| ((BS)): Anna Bugaeva and Tomomi Sato (2021) A Kuril Ainu Glossary by Captain V. M. Golovnin (1811). International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 3(2): 171-216 | |||
Coordinate terms
- ミチ (mici, “father”)
- ホク (hoku, “husband”)
- シウェンテㇷ゚ (siwentep, “woman”)
- メノコ (menoko, “woman, girl”)
- マッ (mat, “woman, wife, mother”)
- マチ (maci, “wife”)
- ハポ (hapo, “mother”)
- ヘカチ (hekaci, “boy”)
Derived terms
- アイヌイタㇰ (“Aynu itak, the Ainu language”)
- アイヌフラ (“human smell”)
- アイヌモシㇼ (“Aynu mosir, land of humans; the world; Hokkaido as the Ainu homeland”)
- アイヌプリ (“Ainu traditions and customs”)
- オㇰカイアイヌ (“a man”) (North Kuril)
Descendants
- → Japanese: アイヌ
- → English: Ainu
- → Russian: айн (ajn), а́йну (ájnu)
- → Ukrainian: айн (ajn), а́йну (ájnu)
References
- ^ Vovin, Alexander V. (1993) Leiden: E.J. Brill, editors, A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu.
- ^ 服部四郎・知里真志保 (Shirō Hattori & Mashiho Chiri) (1960) 『アイヌ語諸方言の基礎語彙統計学的研究』「民族學研究」 (Ainu Go Shohōgen No Kiso Goi Tōkeigaku Teki Kenkyū, “A Lexicostatistic Study on the Ainu Dialects”)[1] (in Japanese), Japan: 日本文化人類学会 (“Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology”)
- ^ Antedatings of Japanese Loanwords in the OED2, pg. 143, Isamu Hayakawa
- ^ Universal Geography, or a Description of All the Parts of the World, Book XLI, p. 508, by M. Malte-Brun, 1822: "The Jesuit Father Des Anges even saw this strait, described its terrible currents, and learned that the land beyond it, the island of Seghalien, was named Aïno-Moxori. This name signifies the isle of the Aïnos"
- ^ 服部四郎・知里真志保 (Shirō Hattori & Mashiho Chiri) (1960) 『アイヌ語諸方言の基礎語彙統計学的研究』「民族學研究」 (Ainu Go Shohōgen No Kiso Goi Tōkeigaku Teki Kenkyū, “A Lexicostatistic Study on the Ainu Dialects”)[2] (in Japanese), Japan: 日本文化人類学会 (“Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology”)
Further reading
- John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)[4], Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co.
- 中級アイヌ語―美幌― (Chūkyū Ainu-go - Bihoro, “Intermediate Ainu: Bihoro”)[5] (in Japanese), Sapporo, Hokkaidō: 財団法人アイヌ文化振興・研究推進機構 (Zaidan Hōjin Ainu Bunka Shinkō / Kenkyū Suishin Kikō, “Foundation for the Advancement, Research, and Promotion of Ainu Culture”), 2011
- 中級アイヌ語―千歳― (Chūkyū Ainu-go - Chitose, “Intermediate Ainu: Chitose”)[6] (in Japanese), Sapporo, Hokkaidō: 財団法人アイヌ文化振興・研究推進機構 (Zaidan Hōjin Ainu Bunka Shinkō / Kenkyū Suishin Kikō, “Foundation for the Advancement, Research, and Promotion of Ainu Culture”), 2011
- 単語リスト（アイヌ語・日本語）―石狩川― (Tango List Ainu-go Nihon-go - Ishikari River, “Word List (Ainu / Japanese) - Ishikari River”)[7] (in Japanese), Sapporo, Hokkaidō: 公益財団法人アイヌ文化振興・研究推進機構 (Zaidan Hōjin Ainu Bunka Shinkō / Kenkyū Suishin Kikō, “Foundation for the Advancement, Research, and Promotion of Ainu Culture”), 2014 (Hokkaido)
- 単語リスト（アイヌ語・日本語）―カラフト― (Tango List Ainu-go Nihon-go - Karafuto River, “Word List (Ainu / Japanese) - Karafuto River”)[8] (in Japanese), Sapporo, Hokkaidō: 公益財団法人アイヌ文化振興・研究推進機構 (Zaidan Hōjin Ainu Bunka Shinkō / Kenkyū Suishin Kikō, “Foundation for the Advancement, Research, and Promotion of Ainu Culture”), 2014 (Sakhalin)
- DYBOWSKI のシュムシュ島アイヌ語資料について（第1部） (DYBOWSKI No Shumushu Tō Ainu Go Shiryō Ni Tsuite (Dai 1 Bu), “On DYBOWSKI's Shumshu Island Ainu Language Materials (Part 1)”)[9] (in Japanese), Fukuoka: 村山七郎 (Murayama Shichirō), 1970 (Kuril)
- Anna Bugaeva and Tomomi Satō (2021) A Kuril Ainu Glossary by Captain V. M. Golovnin (1811)[10], Tokyo: International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics (Kuril)
- Hudson, Mark J. (1999) Ruins of identity: ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands, University of Hawaiʻi Press, →ISBN
Japanese
Etymology
Borrowed from Ainu アイヌ (aynu, “person, human being”).[1][2][3][4]
Pronunciation
Proper noun
アイヌ • (Ainu)
Derived terms
- アイヌ犬 (ainu inu): the Ainu-ken dog breed
- アイヌ語 (ainugo): the Ainu language
- アイヌ人 (ainujin): an Ainu person, the Ainu people
- アイヌ山葵 (ainu wasabi): “Ainu wasabi”: Cardamine valida, a kind of bitter cress
- 観光アイヌ (kankō ainu): "tourist Ainu": Ainu seen as stereotypical
Descendants
- → English: Ainu
References
- ^ “アイヌ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN