Ainu
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Possibly related to Nivkh ту (tu, “lake”).[1]
Noun
ト (Latin spelling to)
- (Hokkaido, Kuril, South Kuril) lake
- puddle of water
dialect table: lake (1960)[2]
| area |
pronunciation
|
| Yakumo (八雲)
|
tó
|
| Oshamambe (長万部)
|
tó
|
| Horobetsu (幌別)
|
tó
|
| Hiratori (平取)
|
tó
|
| Nukkibetsu (貫気別)
|
tó
|
| Niikappu (新冠)
|
tó
|
| Samani (様似)
|
tó
|
| Obihiro (帯広)
|
tó
|
| Kushiro (釧路)
|
tó
|
| Bihoro (美幌)
|
tó
|
| Asahikawa (旭川)
|
tó
|
| Nayoro (名寄)
|
tó
|
| Soya (宗谷)
|
tó
|
| Ochiho (落帆)
|
too
|
| Tarantomari (多蘭泊)
|
too
|
| Maoka (真岡)
|
too
|
| Shiraura (白浦)
|
too
|
| Raichishka (ライチシカ)
|
too
|
| Nairo (内路)
|
too
|
Etymology 2
Noun
ト (Latin spelling to)
- breast
- nipple
Synonyms
- ペンラㇺ (penram)
- ラㇷ゚ラㇷ゚ (raprap)
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Noun
ト (Latin spelling to)
- day
Derived terms
dialect table: day (24 hours) (1964)[3]
| area |
pronunciation
|
| Yakumo (八雲)
|
tó
|
| Horobetsu (幌別)
|
tó
|
| Saru (沙流)
|
tó
|
| Obihiro (帯広)
|
tó
|
| Bihoro (美幌)
|
to
|
| Asahikawa (旭川)
|
tó
|
| Nayoro (名寄)
|
tó
|
| Soya (宗谷)
|
tó
|
| Karafuto (樺太)
|
too
|
| Chishima (千島)
|
|
Synonyms
| Ainu dialectal forms of トカㇷ゚ (“day, daytime”) |
|---|
| view map; edit data |
| Group | Region | Location | Words |
|---|
| Hokkaido Ainu | Southern/Central | Biratori | トカㇷ゚ (tókap((HC))) |
|---|
| Horobetsu | トカㇷ゚ (tókap((HC))) |
|---|
| Niikappu | トカㇷ゚ (tókap((HC))) |
|---|
| Nukkibetsu | トカㇷ゚ (tókap((HC))) |
|---|
| Oshamambe | トカㇷ゚ (tókap((HC))) |
|---|
| Samani | ト (to((HC))) |
|---|
| Yakumo | トカㇷ゚ (tókap((HC))) |
|---|
| Northern | Asahikawa | トカㇺ (tókam((HC))) |
|---|
| Nayoro | トカㇺ (tókam,sírpeker((HC))) |
|---|
| Soya | トノ (tóno((HC))) |
|---|
| Eastern | Bihoro | シㇼペケㇾ (sírpeker((HC))) |
|---|
| Kushiro | シㇼペケㇾ (sírpeker((HC))) |
|---|
| Nemuro | トノノㇱケ (tononoske(昼|[日中])) |
|---|
| Obihiro | シㇼペケㇾ (sírpeker((HC))) |
|---|
| Sakhalin Ainu | West Coast | Maoka | トーノ (toono((HC))) |
|---|
| Raichishka | トーノ (toono((HC))) |
|---|
| Tarantomari | トーノ (toono((HC))) |
|---|
| East Coast | Nairo | トーノ (toono((HC))) |
|---|
| Ochiho | トーノㇱケ (toonoske((HC))) |
|---|
| Shiraura | トーノ (toono((HC))) |
|---|
| Kuril Ainu | Southern | South Kuril | シㇼペケㇾ (sir-peker(昼)((BS))) |
|---|
| This table shows various dialectal forms in Ainu languages. The classification into Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Kuril groups is based on geographical distribution. |
| ((CW)): 知里真志保・和田文治郎（1943）「樺太アイヌ語に於ける人体関係名彙」『樺太庁博物館報告』5(1): 39-80 |
| ((C1)): 知里真志保（1953）『分類アイヌ語辞典. 第1巻 (植物篇)』日本常民文化研究所 |
| ((C3)): 知里真志保（1954）『分類アイヌ語辞典. 第3巻 (人間篇)』日本常民文化研究所 |
| ((HC)): 服部四郎・知里真志保（1960）「アイヌ語諸方言の基礎語彙統計学的研究」『民族學研究』24(4): 307-342，日本文化人類学会 |
| ((C2)): 知里真志保（1962）『分類アイヌ語辞典. 第2巻 (動物篇)』日本常民文化研究所 |
| ((H)): 服部四郎 編（1964）『アイヌ語方言辞典』岩波書店 |
| ((V)): Alexander Vovin (1993) A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu. Leiden: E.J. Brill |
| ((F2016)): 深澤美香（2016）「〈資料紹介〉加賀家文書「［蝦夷語和解］」―蝦夷通辞・加賀伝蔵による『藻汐草』の語釈本―」千葉大学大学院人文社会科学研究科研究プロジェクト報告書 298: 81 |
| ((K2021)): 釧路アイヌ語の会 編（2021）『釧路地方のアイヌ語語彙集』藤田印刷エクセレントブックス |
| ((BS)): Anna Bugaeva and Tomomi Sato (2021) A Kuril Ainu Glossary by Captain V. M. Golovnin (1811). International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 3(2): 171-216 |
Etymology 4
Noun
ト • (to)
- (Hokkaido, Asahikawa) weather
dialect table: weather (1964)[4]
| area |
pronunciation
|
| Yakumo (八雲)
|
sír (→29, 30)
|
| Horobetsu (幌別)
|
sír-
|
| Saru (沙流)
|
sír- (→29, 30)
|
| Obihiro (帯広)
|
sikúsi; tó
|
| Bihoro (美幌)
|
to
|
| Asahikawa (旭川)
|
nísoro; tó; sír; →29, 30
|
| Nayoro (名寄)
|
sír (→29, 30)
|
| Soya (宗谷)
|
sír (→29, 30)
|
| Karafuto (樺太)
|
siri (→29, 30)
|
| Chishima (千島)
|
|
Synonyms
| Ainu dialectal forms of シㇼ (“weather”) |
|---|
| view map; edit data |
| Group | Region | Location | Words |
|---|
| Hokkaido Ainu | Southern/Central | Horobetsu | シㇼ (sír-((H))) |
|---|
| Saru | シㇼ (sír- (→29, 30)((H))) |
|---|
| Yakumo | シㇼ (sír (→29, 30)((H))) |
|---|
| Northern | Asahikawa | ニソロ (nísoro), ト (tó), シㇼ (sír) |
|---|
| Nayoro | シㇼ (sír (→29, 30)((H))) |
|---|
| Soya | シㇼ (sír (→29, 30)((H))) |
|---|
| Eastern | Bihoro | ト (to((H))) |
|---|
| Nemuro | ニソラン (nisor'an《日和|[雲の間が有る]》((F2016))) |
|---|
| Obihiro | シクシ (sikúsi), ト (tó((H))) |
|---|
| Sakhalin Ainu | West Coast | Raichishka | シリ (siri (→29, 30)((H))) |
|---|
| Kuril Ainu | Northern | Shumshu | ニソロ (nisoro(天)((M1892))) |
|---|
| This table shows various dialectal forms in Ainu languages. The classification into Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Kuril groups is based on geographical distribution. |
| ((CW)): 知里真志保・和田文治郎（1943）「樺太アイヌ語に於ける人体関係名彙」『樺太庁博物館報告』5(1): 39-80 |
| ((C1)): 知里真志保（1953）『分類アイヌ語辞典. 第1巻 (植物篇)』日本常民文化研究所 |
| ((C3)): 知里真志保（1954）『分類アイヌ語辞典. 第3巻 (人間篇)』日本常民文化研究所 |
| ((HC)): 服部四郎・知里真志保（1960）「アイヌ語諸方言の基礎語彙統計学的研究」『民族學研究』24(4): 307-342，日本文化人類学会 |
| ((C2)): 知里真志保（1962）『分類アイヌ語辞典. 第2巻 (動物篇)』日本常民文化研究所 |
| ((H)): 服部四郎 編（1964）『アイヌ語方言辞典』岩波書店 |
| ((V)): Alexander Vovin (1993) A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu. Leiden: E.J. Brill |
| ((F2016)): 深澤美香（2016）「〈資料紹介〉加賀家文書「［蝦夷語和解］」―蝦夷通辞・加賀伝蔵による『藻汐草』の語釈本―」千葉大学大学院人文社会科学研究科研究プロジェクト報告書 298: 81 |
| ((K2021)): 釧路アイヌ語の会 編（2021）『釧路地方のアイヌ語語彙集』藤田印刷エクセレントブックス |
| ((BS)): Anna Bugaeva and Tomomi Sato (2021) A Kuril Ainu Glossary by Captain V. M. Golovnin (1811). International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 3(2): 171-216 |
References
- ^ Vovin, Alexander V. (2016) “On the Linguistic Prehistory of Hokkaidō”, in Gruzdeva Ekaterina, Janhunen Juha, editors, Crosslinguistics and Linguistic Crossings in Northeast Asia. Papers on the Languages of Sakhalin and Adjacent Regions (Studia Orientalia; 117), Helsinki, pages 29–38.
- ^ 服部四郎・知里真志保 (Shirō Hattori & Mashiho Chiri) (1960) 『アイヌ語諸方言の基礎語彙統計学的研究』「民族學研究」 (Ainu Go Shohōgen No Kiso Goi Tōkeigaku Teki Kenkyū, “A Lexicostatistic Study on the Ainu Dialects”)[1] (in Japanese), Japan: 日本文化人類学会 (“Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology”)
- ^ 服部四郎 (Shirō Hattori) (1964) アイヌ語方言辞典 (Ainu Go Hōgen Jiten, “An Ainu Dialect Dictionary”)[2] (in Japanese), Japan: 岩波書店 (“Iwanami Shoten”)
- ^ 服部四郎 (Shirō Hattori) (1964) アイヌ語方言辞典 (Ainu Go Hōgen Jiten, “An Ainu Dialect Dictionary”)[3] (in Japanese), Japan: 岩波書店 (“Iwanami Shoten”)
- DYBOWSKI のシュムシュ島アイヌ語資料について（第1部） (DYBOWSKI No Shumushu Tō Ainu Go Shiryō Ni Tsuite (Dai 1 Bu), “On DYBOWSKI's Shumshu Island Ainu Language Materials (Part 1)”)[4] (in Japanese), Fukuoka: 村山七郎 (Murayama Shichirō), 1970 (Kuril)
- Anna Bugaeva and Tomomi Satō (2021) A Kuril Ainu Glossary by Captain V. M. Golovnin (1811)[5], Tokyo: International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics (Kuril)
Further reading
- John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)[6], Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., page 447
Japanese
Etymology 1
Simplified in the Heian period from the man'yōgana kanji 止.
Pronunciation
Syllable
ト • (to)
- The katakana syllable ト (to). Its equivalent in hiragana is と (to). It is the twentieth syllable in the gojūon order; its position is タ行オ段 (ta-gyō o-dan, “row ta, section o”).
Usage notes
The katakana syllabary is used primarily for transcription of foreign language words into Japanese and the writing of gairaigo (loan words), as well as to represent onomatopoeias, technical and scientific terms, and the names of plants, animals, and minerals. It is also occasionally used in some words for emphasis, or to ease reading; katakana may be preferred for words becoming buried in the text if they are written under their canonical form in hiragana. Names of Japanese companies, as well as certain Japanese language words such as colloquial terms, are also sometimes written in katakana rather than the other systems. Formerly, female first names would often be written in katakana.
Derived characters
See also
- (Katakana) 片仮名; アァ, イィ, ウゥヴ, エェ(𛀀), オォ, カヵガ, キギ, クグ, ケヶゲ, コゴ, サザ, シジ, スズ, セゼ, ソゾ, タダ, チヂ, ツッヅ, テデ, トド, ナ, ニ, ヌ, ネ, ノ, ハバパ, ヒビピ, フブプ, ヘベペ, ホボポ, マ, ミ, ム, メ, モ, ヤャ, 𛄠 (𛄠), ユュ, エ/𛄡 (𛄡), ヨョ, ララ゚, リリ゚, ルル゚, レレ゚, ロロ゚, ワヮヷ, ヰヸ, 𛄢 (𛄢), ヱヹ, ヲヺ, ン, ー, ヽ, ヾ
Etymology 2
From the traditional iroha ordering (いろは順) of kana.
Noun
ト • (to)
- sol (musical note)
- Coordinate terms: ハ, ニ, ホ, ヘ, ト, イ, ロ